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The effect of stimuli on the formation of spontaneous trait inferences and spontaneous person attributions
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Updating Spontaneous Trait Inferences: An Analysis of Memory Reconsolidation as a Mechanism of Changing First Impressions
No full textPrevious research showed that people infer traits from others\u27 behaviors without any intention or awareness being necessary (Uleman et al., 2012). Nevertheless, this phenomenon has only been measured through limited behavioral information about others received at a single point in time. The persistence of or change in spontaneously formed trait inferences (STIs) over time and in the presence of new trait-inconsistent information has not been investigated previously. The present work aimed to examine this question by presenting a theoretical model of STI formation and updating and testing this model through five experiments.Drawing on past research on implicit evaluations and explicit trait attributions, we hypothesized that STIs should be robust and resistant to change over time and in the presence of new trait-inconsistent information. This would be due to perceivers forming and storing new STIs (including the ones that are semantically inconsistent with the initial STIs) independently from the initial STIs in memory. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that STIs were not affected by trait-inconsistent information subsequently learned about the same target actor (Experiment 1a and 1b), and were persistent over 48 hours after initial formation. STIs were also formed from the subsequently learned behavioral information (even trait-inconsistent information), yet, stored independently from the initial STIs as hypothesized. Participants held multiple implicit inferences about the same actor, even when the traits were inconsistent.Next, the present study investigated memory reconsolidation as a possible mechanism for updating spontaneous impressions. Existing work on memory reconsolidation established that memories become flexible when they are reactivated, even after they are consolidated over time. Similarly, we hypothesized that having initial associations about persons reactivated when learning about new information about those persons should facilitate memory restructuring, and thus impression updating. The updating of implicit impressions was expected to manifest itself in two ways; first, participants would decrease the strength of STIs they formed from the initial behaviors, and second, they would increase the strength of SGI (context-dependent, spontaneous goal inferences) formed from these initial behaviors. The results for STI updating were mixed. When participants learned about the initial behaviors via three cycles of exposure (and thus strongly encoded in participants\u27 memory), they did not update their STIs formed from these initial behaviors in light of new trait-inconsistent information presented after memory reactivation (Experiment 2). The expected pattern of updating (the disappearance of the STI effect in a false recognition task within this particular learning condition) was observed in Experiment 4, when participants learned about the positive behaviors of actors initially (by being exposed to each behavior once), and were asked to make quick judgments about the actors who performed those behaviors. Also, consistent with our predictions about updating of SGIs, in Experiment 3, participants\u27 pattern of SGIs (especially of those with a better memory of actors\u27 behaviors) were stronger after having learned about trait-inconsistent new information upon memory reactivation. In addition, those with stronger SGIs tended to form weaker STIs about the same actors in Experiment 3, suggesting that SGI might have been construed as an alternative to STI. All experiments that measured behavior memory showed a primacy effect; old (initial) behaviors were recalled better than new behaviors of the actors. Among the new behaviors, those that were consistent with the old behaviors in terms of implied trait were remembered better than those that implied inconsistent traits or did not imply any trait information. The implications of the findings on the stickiness of first impressions and primacy effect in behavior memory are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Internal conflict and prejudice-regulation: Emotional ambivalence buffers against defensive responding to implicit bias feedback
No full textBecoming aware of bias is essential for prejudice-regulation. However, attempts to make people aware of bias through feedback often elicits defensive reactions that undermine mitigation efforts. In the present article, we introduce state emotional ambivalence—the simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions “in the present moment”–as a buffer against defensive responding to implicit bias feedback. Two studies (N = 507) demonstrate that implicit bias feedback (vs. no feedback) increases defensiveness (rating the test as less valid, credible, and objective). However, high (vs. low) state emotional ambivalence, which was independent of bias feedback, attenuates this relationship between bias feedback and defensiveness, accounting for a larger share of the variance than negative emotions alone. In turn, this reduced defensiveness among individuals high (vs. low) in emotional ambivalence was associated with increased awareness of bias in the self and others. Results suggest that state emotional ambivalence is associated with increased bias awareness by creating a mindset in which individuals are less defensive to potentially threatening information about their own implicit racial bias. These results have important implications for research on stereotyping and prejudice, emotional ambivalence and psychological conflict, and defensiveness.</jats:p
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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