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Turbulent propagation of premixed flames: the effects of thermal expansion and integral scale
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The "turbulent flame speed" of wrinkled premixed flames
Full text linkThe determination of the turbulent flame speed is a central problem in combustion theory. Early studies by Damkohler and Shelkin resorted to geometrical and scaling arguments to deduce expressions for the turbulent flame speed and its dependence on turbulence intensity. A more rigorous approach was undertaken by Clavin and Williams who, based on a multi-scale asymptotic approach valid for weakly wrinkled flames, derived an expression that apart from a numerical factor recaptures the early result by Damkohler and Shelkin. The common denominator of the phenomenological and the more rigorous propositions is an increase in turbulent flame speed due solely to an increase in flame surface area. Various suggestions based on physical and/or experimental arguments have been also proposed, incorporating other functional parameters into the flame speed relation. The objective of this work is to extend the asymptotic results to a fully nonlinear regime that permits to systematically extract scaling laws for the turbulent flame speed that depend on turbulence intensity and scale, mixture composition and thermal expansion, flow conditions including effects of curvature and strain, and flame instabilities. To this end, we use a hybrid Navier-Stokes/front-capturing methodology, which consistently with the asymptotic model, treats the flame as a surface of density discontinuity separating burned and unburned gases. The present results are limited to positive Markstein length, corresponding to lean hydrocarbon-air or rich hydrogen-air mixtures, and to wrinkled flames of vanishingly small thickness, smaller that the smallest fluid scales. For simplicity we have considered here two-dimensional turbulence, which although lacks some features of real three-dimensional turbulence, is not detrimental when using the hydrodynamic model under consideration, because the turbulent flame retains its laminar structure and its interaction with turbulence is primarily advective/kinematic in nature. (C) 2012 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved
The turbulent flame speed for low-to-moderate turbulence intensities
No full textPremixed flame propagation in two-dimensional turbulent flows is examined within the context of a hydrodynamic model. The flame is treated as a surface of density discontinuity and propagates against a turbulent flow of prescribed intensity and scale. A hybrid Navier-Stokes/interface capturing technique is used to describe the flow field throughout the entire domain and track the highly-fluctuating flame front which is allowed to attain folded conformations and form pockets of unburned gases that detach from the main flame surface and are rapidly consumed. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the turbulence parameters: intensity and scale, and the combustion parameters: thermal expansion and mixture composition (or Markstein length). Markstein lengths are varied in order to span both, the Darrieus-Landau (DL) instability-free subcritical and the DL instability-affected supercritical regimes. Scaling laws for the turbulent flame speed, exhibiting explicit dependence on the system parameters, are proposed for low-to-moderate turbulence intensities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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