1,721,186 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Laboratory and experimental hut evaluation of mosquito net and indoor residual spray (IRS) insecticides for improved malaria control
Get PDFSince the start of Roll Back Malaria (RBM) in 1998 funding for malaria control has increased dramatically, resulting in the current peak of $2.5billion spent on global malaria control annually. Vector control has been a major source of expenditure, with the focus in sub-Saharan Africa being free Long-Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN) distribution and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). Use of pyrethroid insecticides in agriculture and rapid scaling up of pyrethroid LLINs and IRS for malaria vector control has led to the development and spread of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae malaria vectors. In community use, the level of insecticide resistance at which malaria control is compromised remains uncertain, but experimental hut trials in Benin, an area of high frequency pyrethroid resistance, showed that holed pyrethroid Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) failed to protect sleepers from being bitten and no longer had a mass killing effect on malaria vectors. If LLINs and IRS are to remain effective it is essential that new public health insecticides are developed to address the growing problem of resistance. All insecticides that are currently recommended by the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) for LLIN or IRS belong to just four classes of chemistry that act on nerve and muscle targets; namely pyrethroid, organophosphate (OP), carbamate, and organochlorine (DDT). The Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management (GPIRM) states that in areas of pyrethroid resistance or high LLIN coverage, alternative insecticide classes should be used for IRS in a rotation. Rotation of insecticides is very difficult to implement due to a lack of new public health insecticides. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) came into effect in 2004, yet the use of DDT (classified as a POP) for malaria control has been allowed to continue under exemption since then due to a perceived absence of equally effective and efficient alternatives. Alternative classes of insecticide for IRS such as pirimiphos-methyl (OP) and bendiocarb (carbamate) have a relatively short residual duration of action (2-6 months according to WHOPES). In areas of year-round transmission, multiple spray cycles are required resulting in significantly higher costs for malaria control programs and user fatigue. For continued cost-effectiveness of IRS programs it is important to develop new longer-lasting formulations of currently available insecticides, while also developing insecticides with new modes of action. Pyrethroids are the only insecticides that are currently recommended by WHOPES for LLIN. Therefore, it is essential to develop and evaluate new insecticides for LLIN before effectiveness of pyrethroid LLIN is compromised.
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This thesis consisted of a sequence of tests to evaluate the efficacy of several new formulations of WHOPES recommended insecticides and novel insecticides both in the laboratory and against wild mosquitoes entering experimental huts.
Specifically these studies have shown that:
Addition of eave baffles in experimental huts succeeded in reducing the potential for mosquito escape and is preferable to the assumption of doubling veranda catch to allow for unrecorded escapes (research paper 2).
A Capsule Suspension (CS) formulation of pirmiphos-methyl used for IRS showed a significant improvement in terms of longevity on mud, concrete and plywood when compared with the previously recommended Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) formulation in laboratory and experimental hut bioassays (research paper 3).
A new formulation of deltamethrin with polymeric binder (SC-PE) for IRS showed only a slight improvement over the existing Water Dispersible Granules (WG) formulation in bioassays, but both formulations equalled DDT in experimental huts and should provide annual mosquito control. Deltamethrin SC-PE or WG should only be considered for use by malaria control programs where there is low pyrethroid LLIN coverage (research paper 4).
In experimental hut trials, chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) IRS was equivalent to alphacypermethrin against pyrethroid susceptible An. arabiensis but superior against pyrethroid-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus. The unique non-neurological mode of action shows no cross-resistance to existing resistance mechanisms and should be successful for control of pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes (research paper 5).
In experimental hut trials, chlorfenapyr ITNs produced relatively high mortality rates of pyrethroid susceptible An. arabiensis but due to low irritability there was only a small reduction in blood-feeding (research paper 8). Mortality rates were similar to those produced by deltamethrin ITN.
Unlike neurotoxic insecticides, such as pyrethroids and carbamates, chlorfenapyr owes its toxicity to the disruption of molecular pathways which enable cellular respiration to occur. Conventional 3 minute contact bioassay based on WHOPES guidelines is suitable for pyrethroids but does not predict field performance of
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chlorfenapyr, which is metabolic in nature and sensitive to temperature and the phase of the insect’s circadian activity rhythm (research paper 9).
Combining chlorfenapyr with a more excito-repellent pyrethroid on mosquito nets produced higher levels of blood-feeding inhibition than chlorfenapyr alone, in tunnel tests with both pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus (research paper 10).
Restricting insecticide to particular surfaces of the nets (top only or sides only) indicated that An. arabiensis contacts both the top and sides of a mosquito net during host-seeking behaviour. These results support the rationale behind the ‘2-in-1’ mosquito net, in which the top of the net is treated with a non-pyrethroid insecticide and the sides with pyrethroid (research paper 11)
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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