281 research outputs found
Antigen Markers of Macrophage Differentiation in Murine Tissues
No full textCell-restricted membrane antigens have made it possible to map the distribution of mature macrophages in many murine tissues. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used to define the appearance of macrophages dusing foetal and postnatal development, to establish the anatomic relationships between macrophages and other cells in the normal and diseased adult, and to investigate cellular modulation and heterogeneity within different microenvironments. Current studies have illustrated the complex differentiation pathway of mononuclear phagocytes in vivo and have raised questions concerning the mechanisms that determine monocyte entry, migration and fate within tissues. Macrophages constitute a major, widely dispersed system of cells that regulate homeostasis in the normal host and respond to tissue injury by contributing essential functions during inflammation and repair. In this review we consider several membrane marker antigens which have proved useful in studying the life history and biologic properties of macrophages, and relate immunochemical studies on antigen expression to lineage analysis and macrophage differentiation in vivo. We restrict our discussion to the mouse, in which it is possible to manipulate the system in its entirety. Where known, properties of macrophages in other species are broadly similar
Dialogical Relationships between ""the Authorial Reader"" and ""the Narrative Reader"" in Reading of Fiction (I) : Considering Rabinowitz & Smith's Authorizing Readers as a Pedagogical Theory for Teaching of Fictions
No full textIn this Paper, Peter Rabinowitz and Michael Smith's Authorizing Readers (1997) was considered as a fundamental work for teaching of fictional texts. Rabinowitz and Smith emphasized the dialogical relationships between ""the authorial reader"" and ""the narrative reader"" in reading acts of a practical reader. Rabinowitz argued that if readers failed to playing either ""the authorial reader"" or ""the narrative reader"", they would take any misreadings such that what he called ""Quixotic"" or ""Emma-Bovary"" or ""Blimberism."" On the other hand, Smith argued if readers wouldn't play as ""the narrative reader"" but as ""the authorial reader,"" they couldn't get the point of the story, and couldn't respect not only characters and narrator, but also the author of the story. Rabinowitz also emphasized the rhetoric of fragile texts, and suggested that we teachers of fictions must resist what he called ""the Doctorine of the Macho Text,"" and consider the fragilities of fictional texts for comprehending any other reader's comprehention. In conclusion, some suggestions for reconstructioning teaching and learning of fictions were suggested as follows; 1) For respect to the author, we must recognize the effectiveness of ""the authorial reader"" concept in reading act. ; 2) For respect to the narrators and the fictional characters, we must develop literary reading process founded by the triadic relations with practical reader, ""the authorial reader"" and ""the narrative reader""; 3) For respect any other peer-readers, we should develop teaching practices holding perspectives to fragilities of fictional texts
Modelos espaciales de evaluación electoral e ideológica en votantes latinoamericanos.
No full textStarting from the idea that electorates are heterogeneous (Morris and Rabinowitz, 1997; Tomz and Van Houweling, 2008; Kropko, 2012), I verified the empirical performance of spatial models of electoral evaluation according to the ideological position of Latin American voters. Specifically, I used mixed formulations to evaluate the classical theory of proximity (Downs, 1957; Davis, Hinich and Ordeshook, 1970) and its alternative, the directional paradigm (Rabinowitz and Macdonald, 1989; Macdonald, Listhaug and Rabinowitz, 1991), in six presidential elections: Brazil 2006 and 2011, Mexico 2006, Chile 2009, Uruguay 2009 and Peru 2011. The results show that voters of the right follow a directional pattern while voters of the left behave according to the scheme of proximity. The data comes from Comparative Study of Electoral System (2023).Partiendo de la idea de que los electorados son heterogéneos (Morris y Rabinowitz 1997; Tomz y Van Houweling, 2008; Kropko, 2012), se verifica el desempeño empírico de modelos espaciales de evaluación electoral según posición ideológica de votantes latinoamericanos. Específicamente, se evalúa mediante formulaciones mixtas la teoría clásica de proximidad (Downs, 1957; Davis, Hinich y Ordeshook, 1970) y su alternativa el paradigma de direccionalidad (Rabinowitz y Macdonald, 1989; Macdonald, Listhaug y Rabinowitz, 1991) en seis elecciones presidenciales: Brasil 2006 y 2010, México 2006, Chile 2009, Uruguay 2009 y Perú 2011. Los resultados demuestran que los votantes de derecha siguen una pauta direccional mientras que electores de izquierda se comportan según el esquema de proximidad. Los datos empleados proceden de Estudios Comparados de Sistemas Electorales (2023)
Modelos espaciales de evaluación electoral e ideológica en votantes latinoamericanos
No full textStarting from the idea that electorates are heterogeneous (Morris and Rabinowitz, 1997; Tomz and Van Houweling, 2008; Kropko, 2012), I verified the empirical performance of spatial models of electoral evaluation according to the ideological position of Latin American voters. Specifically, I used mixed formulations to evaluate the classical theory of proximity (Downs, 1957; Davis, Hinich and Ordeshook, 1970) and its alternative, the directional paradigm (Rabinowitz and Macdonald, 1989; Macdonald, Listhaug and Rabinowitz, 1991), in six presidential elections: Brazil 2006 and 2011, Mexico 2006, Chile 2009, Uruguay 2009 and Peru 2011. The results show that voters of the right follow a directional pattern while voters of the left behave according to the scheme of proximity. The data comes from Comparative Study of Electoral System (2023).Partiendo de la idea de que los electorados son heterogéneos (Morris y Rabinowitz 1997; Tomz y Van Houweling, 2008; Kropko, 2012), se verifica el desempeño empírico de modelos espaciales de evaluación electoral según posición ideológica de votantes latinoamericanos. Específicamente, se evalúa mediante formulaciones mixtas la teoría clásica de proximidad (Downs, 1957; Davis, Hinich y Ordeshook, 1970) y su alternativa el paradigma de direccionalidad (Rabinowitz y Macdonald, 1989; Macdonald, Listhaug y Rabinowitz, 1991) en seis elecciones presidenciales: Brasil 2006 y 2010, México 2006, Chile 2009, Uruguay 2009 y Perú 2011. Los resultados demuestran que los votantes de derecha siguen una pauta direccional mientras que electores de izquierda se comportan según el esquema de proximidad. Los datos empleados proceden de Estudios Comparados de Sistemas Electorales (2023)
A General Equilibrium Model for Philippine Agricultural Policy Analysis
No full textThis article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. It outlines the features of the computable general equilibrium developed by the author and describes the modifications undertaken to fit the model into agricultural policy analysis. This is in the hope of addressing limitations of the original model.computable general equilibrium (CGE), agriculture sector, econometric modeling
A General Equilibrium Model for Philippine Agricultural Policy Analysis
No full textThis article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. It outlines the features of the computable general equilibrium developed by the author and describes the modifications undertaken to fit the model into agricultural policy analysis. This is in the hope of addressing limitations of the original model.computable general equilibrium (CGE), agriculture sector, econometric modeling
Unambiguous full multinuclear NMR assignment of 4-amino-1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro[2.2]paracycylophane & NMR differentiation of its enantiomers, and related compounds
No full textFor the first time the full multinuclear ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F assignments were established for 4-amino-1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane (OFP-NH2). These were achieved by using a combination of 1D, COSY, and HETCOR NMR techniques. The assignments were later confirmed by nOe experiments. The interaction of OFP-NH₂ with different chiral shift reagents was explored, and it was shown that it is possible to clearly detect both enantiomers of the planar chiral OFP-NH₂ (in both the ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR). This method of chiral discrimination was also shown to be applicable to other similar chiral OFP derivatives.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Sheryl Rabinowit
Lexical & syntactic conventions for structuring programs
No full textIt has been recognized since the late sixties that the major source of difficulty and expense in the creation of large computer systems has been the construction and maintenance of the software, while hardware costs have shrunk dramatically in comparison with hardware power. One obvious difference between the software and hardware worlds is in the methodology of design: The hardware designer has a long history of applying well-developed engineering methods to his problem, while the software designer is still in the grip of a pre-industrial, cottage-industry tradition. Where the hardware designer can call on, off-the-shelf modules with well-defined characteristics and standardized interfaces, the programmer usually finds himself constructing his modules and designing the interfaces anew for each problem he encounters. Where new machines are often composed of many parts from their predecessors, new programming systems usually contain only very few pieces of their ancestors, and these almost always modified on an ad hoc basis. In, short, where hardware is engineering, software is art.
With the growth of machine capability, there has naturally followed a growth of the problems to which these can be applied, but where the difficulty of building stronger machines grows rather slowly, that of building larger and stronger software seems to grow at a much faster rate. A two-thousand line program is a good deal more than twice, as hard to construct as an one-thousand line program. Where the probability of correct operation of a large computer is constrained largely by the probability of correct operation of its most elementary components, that of a large program is dependent not only on its elementary components, but on interactions between them. These probabilities generally manifest themselves, not as numerical estimates, but in very subjective ways, as difficulties of understanding and coordination. Thus we have the spectacle of a group of programmers attempting to work together, often without any clear understanding of each other's problems, constructing modules of code that work "correctly", only to find that the program fails in subtle and often inexplicable ways when these modules are brought together.
The evolution of programming into "software engineering" must be accelerated if the promise of the computer revolution is to be realized. The production of large-scale software systems must somehow be achievable without exponential rates of growth of costs. Although we are still only at the beginning of this evolution, we can already see glimmerings of progress in some areas, namely those involved in the creation and interaction of modules of code, and in the construction of programs, which must utilize these modules. These are the areas that have come to be known as "structured programming" and "top-down programming", respectively.
In this paper we will review some of the principles and techniques of structured programming. Section 1 describes a restricted set of control structures whose systematic use allows for easier writing and reading of programs. In Section 2 we present the principles of replacement of the rather rigid syntactic constructions of such structures by simpler lexical ones.Technical report DCS-TR-4
Qualities of communication in palliative care conversations in dialysis
No full textUndergraduateKatharine L Cheung, Samantha Smoger, Manjula Kurella Tamura, Michael LaMantia, Terry Rabinowitz, Renee D. Stapleton, Robert Gramling Abstract: Background: Little is known about the content of communication in palliative care telehealth conversations, particularly in a population of patients receiving dialysis. Understanding the content and process of these conversations through qualitative analyses may lead to insights about how palliative care improves quality of life. Methods: We conducted a qualitative analysis of video-recordings obtained during a pilot palliative teleconsultation program. Patient participants were recruited from five dialysis facilities affiliated with an academic medical center. The target population included patients with kidney failure receiving in-center dialysis. Palliative care clinicians conducted teleconsultation using a large wall-mounted screen with a camera mounted on a pole and positioned mid-screen in the line of sight to facilitate direct eye contact. Patients used an iPad that was attached to an IV pole positioned next to the dialysis chair. Conversations were coded for using a pre-existing framework of themes and content from the Serious Illness Conversation Guide and revised Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-renal. Results: We recruited 39 patients to undergo a telepalliative care consultation while receiving dialysis, 34 of whom ultimately completed the teleconsultation. Four specialty palliative care clinicians (three physicians and one nurse practitioner) conducted 35 visits with 34 patients. Median (IQR) duration of conversation was 42 (28, 57) minutes. Most frequently discussed content included sources of strength (91%), critical abilities (88%), illness understanding (85%), fears and worries (85%), what family knows (85%), fatigue (77%) and pain (65%). Process features such as summarizing statements (85%) and making a recommendation (82%) were common, while connectional silence (56%), and emotion expression (21%) occurred less often. Conclusions: Unscripted palliative care conversations in outpatient dialysis units via telemedicine exhibited many domains recommended by the Serious Illness Conversation Guide, with less frequent discussion of symptoms. Emotion expression was uncommon for these conversations that occurred in an open setting. This study was funded by the National Palliative Care Research Center
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