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High liberalism
No full textContemporary international law, some say began with the institutionalization of the Versailles system, others say, the last decade of the nineteenth century, and others will argue otherwise. 1 This volume however presents a narrative on the formation of international law through political perspectives, the role of legal scholarship and the formation of the Advisory Committee of Jurists (ACJ) in the League of Nations in the early twentieth century. 2 There is no doubt that the ACJ had in some ways formalized the structure and origins of modern international law when seen in the context of its role in drafting the statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ). The legacy of the ACJ is even more apparent in the contentious debate on the sources of international law as set out in Article 38(1) of the statute of the World Court. 3 The official members and the unofficial members of the ACJ were instrumental in the outcome 2of the PCIJ statute, even, if the ACJ meetings would at times be acrimonious. The unofficial members operated within the confines of the League of Nations through different legal committees or sat in on ACJ meetings. Moreover, their politics, opinions through their legal scholarship, and overt diplomatic manoeuvres would help to shape the statute of the PCIJ and how we view contemporary international law through the legacy of the PCIJ.Peer reviewe
Edouard Descamps (1847-1933) : from ‘negative neutrality’ to ‘positive pacigerate’
No full textDescamps (1847-1933), the president of the ‘Advisory Committee of Jurists for the Establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice’ (ACJ), is the author of a consistent monograph on Belgian neutrality in 1902. His condemnation of ‘negative’ classical neutrality (premised on impartiality and abstention) and his advocacy of a ‘positive’ ‘pacigérat’ remained a core conviction in his career as international lawyer. This chapter will shed light on Descamps’ career at the crossroads of academia, teaching, and international law (I), to devote substantive attention to his analysis of neutrality (II) and, finally (III), to his interpretation of the compatibility of ‘pacigérat’ with the League of Nations’ security system. Descamps’ role as President of the ACJ, and his position in the debate on the sources of international law to be applied by the PCIJ should be appreciated in the light of these successive stages of development
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Multinational enterprises and the protection of trademarks in colonial Nigeria during the interwar years
Get PDFThis chapter examines how trademark disputes were resolved by colonial judges and colonial courts in colonial Nigeria during the interwar years. In determining the likelihood of confusion and deception in trademark and passing off disputes, these colonial courts drew a distinction between literate and illiterate consumers and they typically found a likelihood of confusion or deception in disputes involving marks that they thought might be confusing to illiterate consumers. This chapter contends that this approach to resolving trademark disputes during the interwar years is best explained by the reliance on the principle of local exceptionalism and the perceived need of the colonial courts to maintain colonial difference. This was essential to safeguarding the commercial interests of the multinational enterprises that were regarded as pioneers of trade in colonial Nigeria and the protection of the economic interests of the colonial authorities
A political and legal history of the Advisory Committee of Jurists and the foundation of the Permanent Court of International Justice
No full textThe formulation of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) was the task of a number of prominent legal personalities assembled in the Advisory Committee of Jurists (ACJ). Their work did, however, not take place in an institutional and political vacuum. The ACJ was set up by the Council of the League of Nations, it was organized and closely monitored by the new Secretariat of the League and the committee had to work on basis of a mandate developed by the allied powers during the Paris Peace Treaty negotiations. This chapter examines the broader political and institutional context of the Advisory Committee – from the attitude of key governments vis-à-vis the court project to the role played by the new League Secretariat and its legal section in the committee work. Adding a more global perspective to existing interpretations, it argues that the Advisory Committee should foremost be understood as an essential step in finding a compromise between the Great Powers and the smaller states regarding the establishment of the PCIJ
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