1,720,994 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Quand la reprise en main n’est plus possible
No full textLe cas particulier des situations d’action à distance (ici drones militaires et téléchirurgie robotique) est examiné dans cet article, – situations de celles qui permettent d’être ici et de projeter son action ailleurs. Les systèmes d’action à distance, parce qu’ils reposent sur des liaisons de données nécessaires au contrôle de la machine distante et à la transmission des informations qu’elle recueille, sont mis en œuvre au sein de vastes réseaux sociotechniques. Ils mêlent, dans leur accomplissement, des compétences humaines et des performances machiniques d’une manière qui les rend indissociables et interdépendantes, mais qui questionnent également les modalités de leur reprise en main en cas de panne et, au-delà, l’engagement du corps des opérateurs.This article examines the particular case of remote action situations (here military drones and robotic telesurgery), those that make it possible to be here and project one's action elsewhere. Remote action systems, because they are based on data links necessary for controlling the remote machine and transmitting the information it collects, are implemented within large socio-technical networks. In their achievement, they combine human skills and mechanical performance in a way that makes them indivisible and interdependent, but also questions the modalities of their recovery in the event of a breakdown and, beyond that, the commitment of the operators' corps
À son corps défendant !
No full textÀ partir des résultats d’une recherche conduite récemment dans les escadrons de chasse, je propose de poursuivre le questionnement que notre petit groupe avait amorcé, il y a quelques années, sur la place des hommes dans les dispositifs automatisés. Sans cesse réactualisée par l’arrivée de nouveaux systèmes, régulièrement radicalisée par l’imaginaire d’une automatisation totale, cette question de la définition de l’humain continue de se poser dans ces mondes – tel l’aéronautique – où les automates se substituent pour une part à l’activité des hommes, mais ne savent pas se priver de leur présence, moins pour fonctionner, mais pour que leur fonctionnement ait un sens. Dans un avion, le pilote surveille les systèmes, les contextualise, il récupère nombre de situations déviantes, bref, il adapte en temps réel un scénario « idéal » qui se déroule sur les écrans du cockpit. Sa présence intellectuelle continue d’être requise tandis que son corps est de plus en plus contraint à l’immobilité (ce constat est encore plus vérifié dans un avion de chasse). Que dire de cet oubli du corps ? N’est-il pas à mettre en relation avec une forme nouvelle d’oubli de la technique – l’avion naturel ? C’est par le biais de leur présence charnelle que je voudrais interroger les manières de faire des hommes aux prises avec les automatismes. Comment se servent-ils de leur corps ? Comment ce « savoir » a-t-il été acquis ? Quelle est la visibilité du corps dans ce milieu socio-technique ? Le corps est-il contraint et de quelle nature est cette contrainte ? Souffre-t-il ? Peut-il être question d’une économie du corps (user de son corps sans l’user) ? Ces quelques questions pourront servir de point de départ à une compréhension plus fine de ce qui semble caractériser aujourd’hui ces situations de travail, c’est-à-dire un brouillage des frontières corporelles et une redéfinition du corps à corps avec la machine par le biais de nouvelles médiations.From the results of a research recently carried out with military pilots, i propose to continue the questioning that our small group had started, a few years ago, about the place of human being in the automated devices. Always reactivated by the installation of new systems, regularly radicalized by the imaginary of a total automation, this question of the definition of human keep on being set in these worlds–such aeronautics–where the automats often replace the activity of men, but cannot manage without their presence, less in terms of technical functioning, but in terms of making sense. The pilots supervise the systems, place them in the right context, they recover many deviating situations, in short, they adapt in real-time an "ideal" scenario which proceeds on the screens of the cockpit. Their intellectual presence is still necessary while their body is increasingly constrained with immobility (this fact is checked even more in a fighter). What to say about this omission of the body? Isn’t it to put in relation to a new form of omission of the technique–the « natural » plane? It is by the means of their carnal presence, that / would like to question the human’s ways of doing when they are faced with the automatisms. How do they use their body? How this "knowledge" was acquired? Which is the visibility of the body in this socio-technique world? Is the body constrained and how is this constraint? Does he suffer? Can it be question of an economy of the body (using the body without wearing it)? These are some questions that could be a starting point with a finer comprehension of what seems to characterize these situations of work today, i.e. a jamming of the body borders and a redefinition of the hand to hand with the machine by the means of new mediations
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Dans la peau d'un pilote de chasse : le spleen de l'homme-machine
No full textNational audienceDans un espace dominé par la circulation des signes, où l'ennemi n'apparaît plus que sous la forme d'un symbole sur un écran, comment l'action de guerre parvient-elle encore à se distinguer ? Qu'en est-il de l'intelligence pratique des hommes, qui permet de se distancer de la réalité produite par les ordinateurs, dès lors que dominent les figures du surveillant et du gestionnaire ? Si le corps reste bien présent, il l'est surtout aux machines et de moins en moins au monde, au sens moral du terme. Ce moment, chargé de nouveaux périls, offre pourtant l'occasion d'interroger et de réévaluer les conditions à partir desquelles les hommes et les machines parviennent à produire quelque chose comme un monde commun. Alors que l'hybridation des hommes et des machines est le plus souvent abordée sous un angle technologique et à la seule lumière de critères de performance, la parole est ici donnée à ceux qui habitent les machines, pilotes d'avions de chasse et de drones
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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