1,720,959 research outputs found
Sound radiation in turbulent channel flows
Full text linkLighthill’s acoustic analogy is formulated for turbulent channel flow with pressure as the acoustic variable, and integrated over the channel width to produce a two-dimensional inhomogeneous wave equation. The equivalent sources consist of a dipole distribution related to the sum of the viscous shear stresses on the two walls, together with monopole and quadrupole distributions related to the unsteady turbulent dissipation and Reynolds stresses respectively. Using a rigid-boundary Green function, an expression is found for the power spectrum of the far-field pressure radiated per unit channel area. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent plane Poiseuille and Couette flow have been performed in large computational domains in order to obtain good resolution of the low-wavenumber source behaviour. Analysis of the DNS databases for all sound radiation sources shows that their wavenumber–frequency spectra have non-zero limits at low wavenumber. The sound power per unit channel area radiated by the dipole distribution is proportional to Mach number squared, while the monopole and quadrupole contributions are proportional to the fourth power of Mach number. Below a particular Mach number determined by the frequency and radiation direction, the dipole radiation due to the wall shear stress dominates the far field. The quadrupole takes over at Mach numbers above about 0.1, while the monopole is always the smallest term. The resultant acoustic field at any point in the channel consists of a statistically diffuse assembly of plane waves, with spectrum limited by damping to a value that is independent of Mach number in the low-M limit
Linear and nonlinear mechanisms of sound radiation by instability waves in subsonic jets
No full textLinear and nonlinear mechanisms of sound generation in subsonic jets are investigated by numerical simulations of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The main goal is to demonstrate that low-frequency waves resulting from nonlinear interaction between primary, highly amplified, instability waves can be efficient sound radiators in subsonic jets. The current approach allows linear, weakly nonlinear and highly nonlinear mechanisms to be distinguished. It is demonstrated that low-frequency waves resulting from nonlinear interaction are more efficient in radiating sound when compared to linear instability waves radiating directly at the same frequencies. The results show that low-frequency sound radiated predominantly in the downstream direction and characterized by a broadband spectral peak near St = 0.2 can be observed in the simulations and described in terms of the nonlinear interaction model. It is also shown that coherent low-frequency sound radiated at higher angles to the jet axis (? = 60°–707°) is likely to come from the interaction between two helical modes with azimuthal wavenumbers n = ±1. High-frequency noise in both downstream and side-line directions seems to originate from the breakdown of the jet into smaller structure
Sound radiation from a turbulent boundary layer
Full text linkSound radiation due to fluctuating viscous wall shear stresses in a plane turbulent boundary layer is investigated by a two-stage procedure using direct numerical simulation (DNS) databases for incompressible turbulent Poiseuille flow in a plane channel, at Reynolds numbers up to Re?=1440. The power spectral density of radiated pressure and spectra of sound power per unit wall area are calculated in the low Mach number limit by substituting source terms obtained from DNS into a Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings wave equation and using a half-space Green function. The same DNS data are used to predict the spectrum of turbulent boundary layer noise measured in a diffuser downstream of a fully developed channel flow [Greshilov and Mironov, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 29, 275 (1983)]. The measured spectrum is ~15 dB higher at low frequencies, but converges with the prediction at high frequencies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A statistical jet-noise model based on the acoustic analogy and a RANS solution
Full text linkWe introduce a hybrid model for the evaluation of jet noise. The model uses the information from a solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS). It evaluates the jet-noise power spectral density (PSD) in the quiescent region outside the turbulent jet. It includes the following components:1. A propagation model based on the high- and low-frequency approximations of the Lilley analogy Green's function. The high-frequency approximation is determined by combining a moving-medium Lighthill analogy and ray acoustics. The low-frequency model is made by using a flow-factor approach on each component of the source two-point CPSD. Weuse available analytical expressions of flow factors evaluated in the low-frequency limit.2. A fixed-frame source model based on the source terms of the Goldstein (2001) expression for the Lilley analogy. Both the applied-stress and applied-force equivalent acoustic sources are retained. The used acoustic analogy allows for expressing the 2-point covariance of the applied-stress source by using 2-point velocimetry measurements in a turbulent jet. Specifically the applied-stress source can be put in correspondence to the unit-density Reynolds-stress statistics. Available measurements of the unit-density Reynolds-stress 2-point statistics are here used to derive an analytical model for the applied-stress 2-point correlation coefficient. Also the applied-force 2-point statistics, required for modelling noise source mechanisms at the presence of density inhomogeneities in the flow, is expressed on the basis of the unit-density Reynolds-stress 2-point statistics. Numerical methods are used to derive the frequency-wavenumber expression for a volumetric source-strength tensor.3. A jet-flow prediction by using a commercial RANS solver and a set of connection relations expressing source-model parameters starting from the RANS solution. The RANS system includes Reynolds Stress modelling (RSM) closure equations. Turbulence anisotropy is then incorporated in the flow-statistics estimation. The proposed connection relations introduce a set of empirical parameters which are evaluated by matching model components to both velocimetry and acoustics measurements. Modelled far-field jet-noise 1/3-octave spectra are compared to corresponding measurements for isothermal, unheated and hot jets
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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