178,684 research outputs found
The biogeography of host-parasite interactions
No full textBiogeography has renewed its concepts and methods following important recent advances in phylogenetics, macroecology, and geographic information systems. In parallel, the evolutionary ecology of host-parasite interactions has attracted the interests of numerous studies dealing with life-history traits evolution, community ecology, and evolutionary epidemiology. This book is the first to integrate these two fields, using examples from a variety of host-parasite associations in various regions, and across both ecological and evolutionary timescales. Besides a strong theoretical component, there is a bias towards applications, specifically in the fields of historical biogeography, palaeontology, phylogeography, landscape epidemiology, invasion biology, conservation biology, human evolution, and health ecology. A particular emphasis concerns emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases linked to global changes. Contents: Preface (Robert E. Ricklefs). Introduction (Serge Morand, Boris R. Krasnov). Part I. Historical biogeography. 1. Beyond vicariance: integrating taxon pulses, ecological fitting and oscillation in evolution and historical biogeography (Eric P. Hoberg, Daniel R. Brooks). 2. Palaeogeography of parasites (Katharina Dittmar). 3. Phylogeography and historical biogeography of obligate specific mutualisms (Nadir Alvarez, Doyle McKey, Finn Kjellberg, Martine Hossaert-McKey). 4. Biogeography, humans and their parasites (Pascale Perrin, Vincent Herbreteau, Jean-Pierre Hugot, Serge Morand). 5. The use of co-phylogeographic patterns to predict the nature of host-parasite interactions, and vice versa (Caroline Nieberding, Emmanuelle Jousselin, Yves Desdevises). Part II. Ecological biogeography and macroecology. 6. Marine parasite diversity and environmental gradients (Klaus Rohde). 7. Parasite diversity and latitudinal gradients in terrestrial mammals (Frederic Bordes, Serge Morand, Boris R. Krasnov, Robert Poulin). 8. Ecological properties of a parasite: species-specific stability and geographical variation (Boris R. Krasnov, Robert Poulin). 9. Similarity and variability in parasite assemblages across geographical space (Robert Poulin, Boris R. Krasnov). 10. Gap analysis and the geographical variation in our knowledge of parasites (Mariah Hopkins, Charles L. Nunn). Part III. Geography of interactive populations. 11. In the hosts' footsteps? Ecological niche modeling and its utility in predicting parasite distributions (Eric Walteri, Suzan L. Perkins). 12. The geography of defence (Serge Morand, Frederic Bordes, Benoit Pisanu, Joelle Gouy de Bellocq, Boris R. Krasnov). 13. Evolutionary landscape epidemiology (Julie Deter, Nathalie Charbonnel, Jean-Francois Cosson). Part IV. Invasion, insularity, and interactions. 14. The geography of host and parasite invasions (Kevin D. Lafferty, Mark E. Torchin, Armand M. Kuris). 15. Immune defence and invasion (Anders P. Moller, Laszlo Z. Garamszegi). 16. Infection, immunity, and island adaptation in birds (Kevin D. Matson, Jon S. Beadell). Part V. Applied biogeography. 17. The geography and ecology of pathogen emergence (Jan Slingenbergh, Lenny Hogerwerf, Stephane de la Rocque). 18. When geography of health meets health ecology (Vincent Herbreteau). Conclusion and perspectives (Serge Morand, Boris R. Krasnov). Index. (Adapted from the publisher's summary
Review of The Biogeography of Host-Parasite Interactions by Serge Morand and Boris R Krasnov
No full textAbstract Morand, S and Krasnov, B.R. The Biogeography of Host-Parasite Interactions. Oxford University Press; 2010. 277 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-956134-6 (Hbk.), 978-0-19-956135-3 (Pbk.). Review When starting to read the book, I first decided to come back to the definition of what is biogeography? Biogeography is the study of the distribution of living organisms spatially and temporally. The scope of this multidisciplined field aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance, and why they are, or are not, found in a certain geographical area. The patterns of species distribution across geographical areas can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as speciation, extinction, continental drift and glaciation, in combination with the geographical constraints of landmass areas and isolation, and the available ecosystem energy supplies. Biogeography is also important in extrapolating the ripple effects of natural and man-made impacts on organism range and distribution. More generally, biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand patterns of biodiversity, which means that biogeographers seek to understand the interactions between populations, species and ecological communities with their environment, in space and time. Astonishingly, consideration of population and species health and viability is still rare in biogeography whereas the role of parasites in regulating host population abundance and in exterminating local species -thus what can make one species common and even abundant, and what can make another species rare -has received much attention over the past decade. The biogeography of some hosts may be influenced by the distribution of parasites, quite apart from the abiotic influences and, in contrast, the biogeography of parasites is determined by host suitability and availability and therefore by the geographica
J.D. Delley, R. Derivaz, L. Mader, C.A. Morand, D. Schneider, Le droit en action. Etude de mise en œuvre de la loi Furgler, 1982
No full textJ.D. Delley, R. Derivaz, L. Mader, C.A. Morand, D. Schneider, Le droit en action. Etude de mise en œuvre de la loi Furgler, 1982. In: Droit et société, n°2, 1986. p. 147
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Replication files for 'Are social and environmental clauses a tool for favoritism? Analysis of French public procurement contracts'
No full textThis zip file contains the replication files for the manuscript 'Are social and environmental clauses a tool for favoritism? Analysis of French public procurement contracts'.
It includes :
one Rmd file providing an exhaustive R Code replicating the empirical results
one md file providing Pyhton Code for the simulation
two csv files containing all the data used in the paperThis research is part of the DeCoMaP project - Grant ANR-19-CE38-000
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Biospeedotrema parajolliveti Bray, Waeschenbach, Dyal, Littlewood & Morand, 2014, n. sp.
No full textBiospeedotrema parajolliveti n. sp. (Figs. 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4 B 22 B 98 B- 50 F 4 - 4 D 19 -AA 2 D- 7 D 47776 CCD 29 Type host. Thermichthys hollisi (Cohen, Rosenblatt & Moser) (Ophididiiformes: Bythitidae ), Hollis brosmekvabbe. Site. Large intestine and gall-bladder. Type locality. South East Pacific Rise, hydrothermal vent site Hobbs, 17 ° 35.20 ’S, 113 ° 14.75 ’W; Biospeedo cruise, PL 1588, depth 2598 m, baited trap, 29 Apr. Biospeedo labels: 1588 –1, 1588– 3. Type specimens. MNHN holotype 1 slide MNHN HEL 382, paratypes 4 wholemount slides, MNHN HEL 383 384 385 386, 4 section slides MNHN HEL 387 388 389 390; BMNH paratypes 2013.12.3.1- 3. Etymology. This species is named to emphasise its similarity to Biospeedotrema jolliveti. Description. Based on 8 wholemount specimens and 2 sets of serial sections. Measurements and ratios in Table 1. Many features difficult to see in wholemounted specimens. Body small, broadly oval, distinctly wider than long (Fig. 2). Tegument unarmed. Oral sucker transversely elongate oval, more or less terminal. Ventral sucker rounded to oval, larger than oral sucker, just-pre-equatorial. Prepharynx very short, dorsal to oral sucker. Pharynx large, oval. Oesophagus distinct, sinuous, thin-walled. Intestinal bifurcation dorsal to ventral sucker. Caeca blind, wide, divergent, almost or just reaching to testes. Testes two, irregular, symmetrical, separated in anterior hindbody. Cirrus sac claviform, reaches dorsally to ventral sucker. Internal seminal vesicle saccular. Pars prostatica short. Ejaculatory duct long, muscular. Genital atrium small. Genital pore median, about mid-way between suckers, but not clear in wholemounts. Ovary subglobular, just anterior to right testis, overlapping ventral sucker. Seminal receptacle uterine. Laurer’s canal opens dorsally in anterior hindbody. Mehlis’ gland not detected. Uterus reaching between testes, or just into post-testicular region, then passes over dorsal surface of ventral sucker. Eggs large, tanned, operculate, relatively few. Metraterm not distinct. Vitellarium follicular, in narrow arcuate lateral fields from pharynx or oesophagus to testicular level, mainly lateral to caeca, but encroaching dorsally. Excretory pore terminal. Vesicle short, I-shaped, reaches to uterus, not traced further. Remarks. This species appears to be a squat version of B. jolliveti, and differs in that it is always just wider than long, the tegument is wrinkled, the testes are lobate, and the caeca at their longest, only just reach to the testes (Table 1).Published as part of Bray, R. A., Waeschenbach, A., Dyal, P., Littlewood, D. T. J. & Morand, S., 2014, New digeneans (Opecoelidae) from hydrothermal vent fishes in the south eastern Pacific Ocean, including one new genus and five new species, pp. 73-87 in Zootaxa 3768 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/28562
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Buticulotrema thermichthysi Bray, Waeschenbach, Dyal, Littlewood & Morand, 2014, n. sp.
No full textButiculotrema thermichthysi n. sp. (Figs. 8–9) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F 1 BC 29 FC- 883 D- 4 A 62-92 CC-C 54 B 6880 E039 Type host. Thermichthys hollisi (Cohen, Rosenblatt & Moser) (Ophididiiformes: Bythitidae ), Hollis brosmekvabbe. Site. Large intestine Type locality. South East Pacific Rise, hydrothermal vent site Hobbs, 17 ° 35.20 ’S, 113 ° 14.75 ’W; Biospeedo cruise, PL 1588, depth 2598 m, baited trap, 29 Apr. Biospeedo labels: 1588 –3, 1588– 7. Type specimens. MNHM holotype 1 slide MNHN HEL 405, paratypes 3 wholemount slides MNHN HEL 406 407, 6 section slides MNHN HEL 409 410 411 412 413 414; BMNH paratypes 2013.12.3.11- 13. GenBank numbers. rDNA KF 733984, rDNA KF 733987 Possible juvenile. Ventichthys biospeedoi, South East Pacific Rise, hydrothermal vent site Oasis, 17 ° 25.38 ’S, 113 ° 12.29 ’W; Biospeedo cruise, submersible Nautile, R/V Atalante, dive PL 1582, baited trap B 2, depth 2586 m, 22 April 2004. Biospeedo label: 1582 – 2 (juv.), MNHN HEL 408. Etymology. This species is named after the host-genus. Description. Based on 8 wholemounts and 4 sets of serial sections. Measurements and ratios in Table 1. Body elongate pyriform, widest in anterior hindbody (Fig. 8). Tegument unarmed. Oral sucker subglobular, subterminal. Ventral sucker rounded, larger than oral sucker, just pre-equatorial. Prepharynx dorsal to oral sucker. Pharynx subglobular, large. Oesophagus long, very thick-walled. Intestinal bifurcation dorsal to posterior part of ventral sucker. Caeca blind, narrow, reaching well into post-testicular region, but not to posterior extremity. Testes irregularly oval or pyriform, oblique, contiguous, in mid-hindbody. Cirrus sac absent. Seminal vesicle saccular, in anterior hindbody and overlapping ventral sucker, narrow distally to form coiled tube (Figs. 9). Pars prostatica long, with distinct field of gland-cells and fibrous tissue which may appear to be delimited in some views. Naked distal male duct (ejaculatory duct?) long, wall thickens slightly distally, no evidence of cirrus sac or everted cirrus. Genital atrium subglobular. Genital pore sinistral, beside mid- to posterior part of pharynx. Ovary oval to reniform, just anterior to dextral testis or more median. Female proximal system unclear, even in sections. Seminal receptacle saccular, presumably canalicular. Laurer’s canal not traced. Mehlis’ gland not clearly distinguished. Uterus pretesticular, intercaecal, passes to left of ventral sucker. Eggs large, operculate, tanned, numerous. Metraterm long, reaches from about mid-pars prostatica, fairly thin-walled. Vitellarium follicular, follicles large, field reaching from mid-pharynx to just into post-caecal region, not as far as posterior extremity, lateral and ventral to caeca, not confluent, although approaching in post-testicular zone. Excretory pore terminal, in slight indentation. Vesicle I-shaped, surrounded by prominent gland-cells posterior, reaches to testes. Remarks. The features distinguishing B. thermichthysi n. sp. from B. stenauchenus are the very long, very strongly muscular oesophagus, bifurcating dorsally to the posterior part of the ventral sucker, the long, narrow pars prostatica and distal male duct and the sinistral genital pore at the level of the pharynx. It is possible that the female proximal system has been misinterpreted, and the organ considered by us to be a canalicular seminal receptacle is a uterine seminal receptacle. If that were the case then this species would be close to the genus Pseudopecoelus Von Wicklen, 1946, a genus which has been frequently reported in deeper waters. None of the described species of Pseudopecoelus have a long, highly muscular oesophagus, reaching dorsally to the ventral sucker.Published as part of Bray, R. A., Waeschenbach, A., Dyal, P., Littlewood, D. T. J. & Morand, S., 2014, New digeneans (Opecoelidae) from hydrothermal vent fishes in the south eastern Pacific Ocean, including one new genus and five new species, pp. 73-87 in Zootaxa 3768 (1) on pages 82-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/28562
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