1,720,958 research outputs found
Modelling the impact of iKIRs in adaptive immune responses
No full textInhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (iKIRs) are a family of inhibitory receptors
that are expressed by natural killer cells and late-stage differentiated T cells. iKIRs are well-
known for their function during innate responses but there is evidence that they also regulate
T cell-mediated immunity. Importantly, recent immunogenetic studies indicate that iKIRs en-
hance T cell-mediated control in chronic viral infections in humans. Whether iKIRs play an
analogous role in other contexts is currently unknown. This thesis aims to tackle that ques-
tion by combining immunogenetic analysis, mathematical modelling and iKIR expression data
analysis in the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D). In autoimmunity, an enhanced T cell response
might be considered detrimental and so iKIRs might have an opposite effect and exacerbate
self-reactive T cell responses. The immunogenetic analysis of two T1D cohorts confirms this
hypothesis and reveals a large detrimental effect of iKIR genes in T1D. Specifically, the pro-
tection conferred by some HLA class II genotypes is weakened in individuals carrying a high
number of iKIR genes together with their ligand genes. Mathematical modelling shows that an
iKIR-mediated increase of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell survival can explain the effect of iKIR genes
in individuals carrying protective HLA class II genotypes. Finally, the iKIR expressing CD4+
and CD8+ T cell populations are relatively small and not expanded in blood in T1D patients,
suggesting that crosstalk between autoreactive T cells and other iKIR expressing immune pop-
ulations is more likely to explain the observed iKIR effect. Overall, this thesis expands the
iKIR modulatory role of T cells during antiviral responses to autoimmune responses, hinting
at a core and widespread function of iKIRs in adaptive human immunity.Open Acces
Germline Natural killer cell receptors modulating the T cell response
No full textIn addition to their central role during innate responses, NK cells regulate adaptive immunity through various mechanisms. A wide array of innate receptors has been involved in the NK cell regulatory function. However, the clinical implications of these regulatory pathways are poorly understood. Here, we review the experimental evidence on the effects of NK cells on T cells and their positive and negative consequences for disease outcome during T cell responses in humans
Innate receptors modulating adaptive T cell responses: KIR-HLA interactions and T cell-mediated control of chronic viral infections
Get PDFKiller-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are mainly expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and are key regulators of innate immune responses. NK cells are the first responders in the face of infection and help promote placentation during pregnancy; the importance of KIRs in these NK-mediated processes is well-established. However, mounting evidence suggests that KIRs also have a prominent and long-lasting effect on the adaptive immune system. Here, we review the evidence for the impact of KIRs on T cell responses with a focus on the clinical significance of this interaction
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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