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Facilitating Collective Cognition During Group Wayfinding Through the Human Eye
No full textWayfinding can be a challenging activity, requiring humans to select the appropriate route leading to the desired destination, keep track of the changes their position and orientation as they advance along the route, and recognize the destination upon their arrival. As such, wayfinding typically relies on the integration of novel spatial knowledge with an existing mental representation of the environment. Assistance systems can be utilized to help humans to complete the relevant tasks. Such systems can support during spatial knowledge acquisition and help humans coordinate and communicate their activities with others. An assistance system that is capable of recognizing the elements that humans see in their surroundings and uses this information to predict their interests and goals along a route can be a valuable tool for supporting wayfinding tasks, even during group wayfinding. Eye-tracking data can provide critical information regarding some of the cognitive processes involved during wayfinding. This information can be utilized to support the spatial cognition of a single person or the collective cognition of a larger group of people. This chapter demonstrates and discusses the way eye-tracking research can be utilized for acquiring, organizing, and utilizing spatial knowledge of a group of people during wayfinding, in order to investigate the relevant processes and further provide assistance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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Defining the Community of Interest as a Criterion for Boundary Drawing of Electoral Districts
Get PDFWhen deciding where to draw the boundaries for electoral districts, officials often strive to ensure that communities of interest are not split up but kept together within a single district. What exactly constitutes a community of interest is somewhat vague, with legal and academic sources describing either a thematic region with shared demographic and land use traits or a cognitive region that is meaningful to people and commonly agreed upon. This research seeks to identify communities of interest at the sub-city level in both the thematic sense—by clustering Census tracts and land parcels according to classes of important variables—and the cognitive sense—by surveying residents about the location and extent of their community and finding areas of highest agreement. Then the degree to which the two senses of communities overlap is assessed; the more overlap, the more evidence there is that the two definitions correspond closely. Finally, the amount of overlap between the different communities and existing electoral districts is determined, to see which of the two types receives more attention from boundary drawers. The study finds that the two types of communities of interest correspond relatively well, and that the thematic type corresponds with the electoral districts better than the cognitive type
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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Paired social wayfinding: Dyadic interaction in real-world navigation
Get PDFThe cognitive process of wayfinding is necessarily situated in a social world, whether someone is traveling with another person to a shared destination or interpreting the physical traces of others’ activities to direct their travel. Wayfinding involves integrating multiple sources of information about the environment, one of which is the direct or indirect influence of the social context. The presented work expands our understanding of human navigation as it unfolds in a social context. I investigate pedestrian navigation by pairs of people (both stranger dyads and friend dyads) as well as individuals in an unfamiliar, real-world environment. In three studies, participants were asked to plan and enact a route between a given origin and destination. Each dyad or individual first devised a route using a map of the environment, then was taken to the environment and asked to navigate to the destination from memory alone. I video-recorded participants during both planning and navigation, using Conversation Analysis (CA) for the evaluation of social interaction. The complexity of human behavior in groups calls for such interdisciplinary methods of inquiry and approaches to understanding. With these studies I examine explanations for successful route planning, spatial and social strategies employed during wayfinding, and sources of uncertainty in navigation. This includes differences between situated and prospective planning—participants often collaboratively adapt their route-following on the fly based on unexpected challenges. This research contributes to the understanding of how people encode and coordinate their spatial knowledge to solve the important problem of navigating through the environment. It has further implications for the design of navigation aids, expanding what we know about the practices of multiple people working in conjunction on a wayfinding task
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