169,978 research outputs found
Language and Psychology
No full textThe chapter presents the cultural history of colours in the Middle Ages, with reference to some languages: Old and Middle English (C. Biggam), Old Norse-Icelandic (Wolf), Latin (Molinelli) and Old East Slavic (Krivko)
Synchrony and Diachrony. Introduction to a dynamic interface
No full textThat the two dimensions of language variation are closely intertwined is nothing new, although at different stages in the history of linguistics their relation has been overlooked, if not explicitly ignored (see section 2). However, still little effort has been made to provide a unitary account of their interface and, more importantly, little attention has been devoted to a systematic exam of the theoretical and methodological tools through which such interface can be better captured and analyzed. In this volume, we aim to i) gather together a good sample of phenomena in which the synchrony-diachrony interface is crucial both at the descriptive and at the explanatory level, ii) to compare how different theoretical frameworks and different methodological tools may account for such interface phenomena, iii) and to identify those factors that are more frequently at play in the interface between synchrony and diachrony
Introduction [to Positioning the self and others. Linguistic Perspectives]
No full textThis chapter introduces to main topics of the volume, which aims to focus specifically on the linguistic means used to index the relationship between the self and other(s) in different types of communicative activity. The volume makes no claims to exhaustivity. The linguistic features which primarily emerged as relevant from the different contributions are : a) T/V address terms and vocatives, b) pragmatic markers c) code switching/code choice and d) orthography. These elements relate, in the case of a), to the conventionalised encoding of social hierarchies and power relations, in the case of b), to stance-taking and social indexicalisation and, in the case of c) and d), to more broadly circulating language ideologies
Co-registrazione di immagini deformabile in radioterapia: metodi, assicurazione di qualità ed applicazioni cliniche
No full text
Melanoma e tessuto adiposo peritumorale: studio preliminare sul ruolo delle adipocitochine nella caratterizzazione e prognosi di malattia
No full textNelle ultime decadi, è andato delineandosi il concetto di organo adiposo, conferendo al tessuto adiposo una funzione endocrina attiva espletata mediante la secrezione di molteplici citochine e chemochine. Queste sembrano detenere infatti un ruolo chiave non solo nel mantenimento dell'omeostasi energetica ma anche nella patogenesi di malattie metaboliche ed infiammatorie e nella crescita e progressione di numerose neoplasie tra le quali il melanoma. In questo studio sperimentale preliminare abbiamo analizzato l'espressione, a livello del tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo peritumorale mediante qPCR, delle principali adipocitochine (Tumor Nescrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI1), Leptina (LEP), Insulin-like Growth factor 1 (IGF1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A), Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1) e C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8)) ritenute coinvolte, sulla base dei dati presenti in letteratura, nei processi di cancerogenesi e metastatizzazione. Lo studio è stato condotto prendendo in analisi una popolazione composta da pazienti affetti da melanoma, confrontando i dati ottenuti con l'espressione delle stesse citochine nel tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo in 2 gruppi controllo composti rispettivamente da nevi melanocitari e cisti epidemoidi. Abbiamo correlato i risultati ottenuti con i principali fattori prognostici di malattia per comprendere la loro espressione in relazione alla severità di patologia. Abbiamo osservato un aumento statisticamente significativo dell'espressione di PAI1, NAMPT, LEP e CXCL1 a livello del tessuto peritumorale dei campioni di melanoma rispetto ai gruppi controlli ed una correlazione degli stessi con lo stadio patologico di malattia ed in particolare con lo spessore di Breslow (il fattore prognostico più importante nella stadiazione patologica di melanoma). Il limite principale dello studio è rappresentato dal fatto che la popolazione risulta composta da un numero esiguo di pazienti. Studi su casistiche più ampie saranno necessari per confermare i risultati parziali ottenuti. Nel complesso, i risultati preliminari di questo lavoro evidenziano che la sovraespressione di alcune adipochine e chemochine in particolare PAI1, NAMPT, LEP e CXCL1 non solo a livello della lesione melanomatosa ma anche nel tessuto adiposo peritumorale può rappresentare un evento chiave nella crescita e soprattutto nell’aggressività locale della neoplasia e apre pertanto l'ipotesi di un ruolo oncogenico diretto di queste molecole e del tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo nella tumoregenesi del melanoma.In the last decades, the concept of adipose organ has emerged, giving adipose tissue an active endocrine function carried out through the secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines having a key role not only in maintaining energy homeostasis but also in the pathogenesis of metabolic and inflammatory diseases and in the growth and progression of numerous neoplasms including melanoma.
In this preliminary experimental study, we analyzed the expression in the peritumor subcutaneous adipose tissue by qPCR of the most significant adipocytokines involved in the processes of carcinogenesis and metastasis such as Tumor Nescrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI1), Leptin (LEP), Insulin-like Growth factor 1 (IGF1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A), Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8) in a population of melanoma patients by comparing the data obtained with the expression of the same cytokines in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 2 control groups composed respectively of melanocytic nevi and epidemoid cysts. We correlated the results obtained with the main disease prognostic factors to understand their expression in relation to the severity of the disease.
We observed a statistically significant increase in the expression of PAI1, NAMPT, LEP and CXCL1 at the level of the peritumor tissue of the melanoma samples compared to the control groups and a correlation of the same with the pathological stage of the disease and in particular with the Breslow thickness (the most important prognostic factor in the pathological staging of melanoma).
The main limitation of the study is represented by the small cohort of patients. Studies on larger case series will be necessary to confirm the partial results obtained.
Overall, the preliminary results of this study show that the overexpression of adipokines and chemokines in particular PAI1, NAMPT, LEP and CXCL1 not only at the level of the melanomatous lesion but also in the peritumoral adipose tissue, may represent a key event in growth and especially in the local aggressiveness of the neoplasm and therefore opens the hypothesis of a direct oncogenic role of these molecules and of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in the tumorigenesis of melanoma
Imaging surface plasmon resonance for multiplex microassay sensing of mycotoxins
No full textA prototype imaging surface plasmon resonance-based multiplex microimmunoassay for mycotoxins is described. A microarray of mycotoxin–protein conjugates was fabricated using a continuous flow microspotter device. A competitive inhibition immunoassay format was developed for the simultaneous detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), using a single sensor chip. Initial in-house validation showed limits of detection of 21 and 17 ng/mL for DON and 16 and 10 ng/mL for ZEN in extracts, which corresponds to 84 and 68 µg/kg for DON and 64 and 40 µg/kg for ZEN in maize and wheat samples, respectively. Finally, the results were critically compared with data obtained from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmatory analysis method and found to be in good agreement. The described multiplex immunoassay for the rapid screening of several mycotoxins meets European Union regulatory limits and represents a robust platform for mycotoxin analysis in food and feed sample
Marcatori pragmatici richiestivi in Plauto: una sfida per la traduzione in francese, italiano, rumeno e spagnolo
No full textQuesto contributo esamina alcune espressioni predicative latine che hanno progressivamente sviluppato una funzione pragmatica e procedurale di natura richiestiva (quaeso, obsecro, amabo, rogo) e si concentra sul problema della loro traduzione in francese, italiano, rumeno e spagnolo.
Il corpus della ricerca è costituito dai dialoghi presenti nelle commedie plautine (che offrono, per una lingua a corpus chiuso, una delle principali risorse per indagare le funzioni pragmatiche espresse dagli interlocutori), e dalle rispettive traduzioni in alcune lingue romanze (francese, italiano, rumeno, spagnolo).
Già in Plauto predicati come questi possono anche comparire come segnali funzionali, ovvero risorse comunemente usate dai parlanti negli scambi comunicativi per assolvere macrofunzioni orientate al contesto di discorso o di interazione. I verbi latini qui considerati sono quelli che più frequentemente realizzano la funzione richiestiva: sono segnali orientati all’interlocutore, con funzione pragmatica di favorire la coesione sociale perché codificano (a) le caratteristiche della relazione tra parlante e interlocutore, (b) la loro identità sociale (il loro grado di potere e di distanza sociale all’interno del contesto comunicativo), e (c) il tipo di atto linguistico realizzato.
Partendo da questi aspetti, si analizzano diverse scelte e diverse soluzioni nella traduzione di questi marcatori, considerando il livello interlinguistico e anche quello intralinguistico.
Oltre a evidenziare fenomeni diacronici di convergenza e differenziazione, in termini di mantenimento o sostituzione di un marcatore a livello interlinguistico, questo studio considera, a livello empirico e metodologico, i tipi di problemi che pone la traduzione di questi elementi a partire da una lingua a corpus chiuso, non più parlata, con l’obiettivo di verificare se e in che modo una considerazione teorica su base funzionale dei marcatori pragmatici possa suggerire soluzioni interpretative nuove e coerenti.This paper examines some Latin predicative expressions that have gradually developed a pragmatic and procedural
function with a request value (quaeso, obsecro, amabo, rogo) and focuses on the challenge that their translations
into French, Italian, Romanian and Spanish poses. The research is based on a parallel corpus of Plautine comedies
together with their translations in some Romance languages (i.e. French, Italian, Romanian, and Spanish).
The dialogues in the comedies offer one of the main resources to investigate pragmatic functions expressed by
speakers in an ancient language. As early as in Plautus, some predicative expressions can also operate as functional
signals or resources used by speakers in communicative exchanges to fulfil macrofunctions oriented to the
discourse or to the context of interaction. We consider here those Latin verbs that most frequently are used in
requests: they operate as markers oriented toward the interlocutor, whose pragmatic function is of promoting
social cohesion. Indeed, they encode (a) the characteristics of the relationship between speaker and interlocutor,
(b) their social identity (their degree of power and social distance within the context of communication), and (c)
the type of speech act accomplished. Building on these premises, we analyse both at an interliguistic and at an
intralinguistic level different choices and different solutions in the translation of these markers. The contrastive
analysis highlights diachronic phenomena of convergence and differentiation among the Romance languages
considered, in terms of maintenance or substitution of a given marker. In the end, this study aims to bring to
light the empirical and methodological problems in translating these elements from an ancient language, in order
to verify if and how a functional theoretical approach to pragmatic markers may suggest new and consistent interpretative
solutions
Metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological issues of biologic therapies currently used in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa
No full textIntroduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, relapsing, debilitating inflammatory dermatologic disease of the terminal hair follicles at intertriginous sites clinically characterized by painful inflammatory nodules, abscesses, draining sinus tracts, and dermal fibrosis. The management of hidradenitis suppurativa is a challenge and usually consists of both medical and surgical approaches, which must often be combined for best outcome. The introduction of biological therapies, specifically TNFα-inhibitors such as adalimumab, has profoundly changed the therapeutic armamentarium of the disease. Areas covered: The PubMed database was searched using combinations of the following keywords: hidradentis suppurativa, biologic therapy, TNF-α inhibitors, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, adverse effects, pharmacodynamics, pharmacology, adverse events, pharmacokinetics, drug interaction. This article reviews and updates the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, adverse effects, drug interactions of on-label and off-label use of TNF-α inhibitors in HS. Expert opinion: Biologic agents, particularly adalimumab, exhibit clinical efficacy in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Careful patient selection and close monitoring during treatment are mandatory to provide safe and effective use of the TNF-α inhibitor. Familiarity with biologic agents is crucial because these agents could become a consolidated treatment option in the clinician’s therapeutic approaches
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