1,720,957 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Role of Prediction Error in Episodic Memory
No full textPredictions play an important role in our everyday lives. We make predictions (whether conscious or unconscious) about what we will encounter. However, we will also experience discrepancies between predictions and observed outcomes (i.e., prediction error; PE). There are inconsistencies in the literature regarding how PE affects memory. Several studies find that PE facilitates memory (e.g., Greve et al., 2019), while others find that it harms memory (Kim et al., 2013). The aim of the present study was to determine which conditions may lead to PE facilitating memory and which conditions may lead to worse memory. We tested two PE models, The Predictive Interactive Multiple Memory Signals model (PIMMS) and The Schema Linked Interactions between Medial Prefrontal and Medial Temporal Lobe model (SLIMM). PIMMS argues the larger PEs will result in better memory compared to small PEs. In experiment 1, we tested this assumption by manipulating the frequency of PE. The High Certainty condition had few PEs while the Low Certainty condition contained many PEs. We predicted that PE would facilitate memory in the High certainty condition compared to no PE. We did not predict a difference in memory between PE and no PE in the Low certainty condition. However, we found memory was worse for PE items compared to no PE items, in the Low Certainty condition only. In experiment 2, we manipulated the strength of PE such that PE was either, high, moderate or low. SLIMM predicts a U-shape function such that High PE and Low PE should both be facilitated. However, we found no significant difference between the three levels of PE. Thus, our predictions based on PIMMS and SLIMM were not supported
Individual differences and processing bias influence on false memories
No full text"A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Psychology-Cognitive and Affective."Associative memory distortions are often studied using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Past research has found mixed results concerning the relationship between cognitive style (i.e., field independence/dependence; FD/FI) and susceptibility to false memories using the DRM paradigm. Other research has shown that processing style can be biased using a NAVON letter task by instructing individuals to either encode stimuli globally or locally (Weston & Perfect, 2005).
For the present study, participants completed a DRM memory task followed by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). Participants were then randomly assigned to either a local or a global bias condition using a NAVON letter task. After completing the NAVON letter task, participants were asked to complete another DRM memory task. Results indicated that there was no difference in true or false memory as a function of cognitive style. When collapsed across cognitive style, biasing also did not result in any differences in true or false memories. However, biasing participants toward a global style resulted in less false memories for both FD and FI participants. FI participants also benefited from local biasing whereas this benefit was not obtained for FD individuals.
These unexpected results could possibly be explained by the rigidity of FD individuals; biasing them toward a local style may have caused cognitive interference and hindered performance. FI individuals are more cognitively flexible and therefore benefited
from either local or global biasing
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The Influence of Prediction Error Strength on Reconsolidation
No full textIt has been well established that consolidated memories can be reactivated and enter a labile state where they are once again vulnerable to modification. Reactivated memories, therefore, need to be restabilized or reconsolidated. Prediction error (PE) is one of the most common ways of reactivating consolidated memories, yet no studies have examined how varying the strength of PE influences reconsolidation. The present study aimed to determine if the strength of PE is an important factor for triggering reconsolidation and if so, how PE strength influences the reconsolidation process, whether through strengthening or weakening the memory. To vary PE strength, participants were presented with triplets of images on Day 1. The first two images created a predictable context for the following target image. The context and target images repeated together either 4 times (high PE), 1 time (low PE), or not at all (no PE), to vary the strength of prediction. On Day 2, PE was introduced by replacing the expected Day 1 targets with novel targets for the reactivation group. A control group was presented with a new sequence of images and experienced no PE. Finally, on Day 3 all participants were tested on their memory of Day 1 and Day 2 targets using a recognition memory test. We predicted that high PE would result in better memory for both Day 1 and Day 2 targets. We also predicted that the reactivation group would remember more Day 1 and Day 2 targets compared to the control group. We did not find the predicted pattern of results. Participants in the reactivation group showed significantly worse memory for items in the high PE and low PE conditions compared to the NoPE conditions. We also did not find evidence of reconsolidation. There was no difference in memory performance between the reactivation group (experienced PE) and the control group (did not experience PE)
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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