1,720,967 research outputs found
Proxy Wars in History:A Longue Durée Perspective
No full textThis chapter examines the prevalence of proxy war from the medieval era to the Second World War, showing that the resort to indirect warfare is an established factor of strategic competition in history. It summarizes the methodological challenges involved in applying contemporary concepts to historical study, concluding that an overview of the past demonstrates that proxies are not puppets, that they have their own agency, and are difficult for sponsors to control. Sponsor states and their clients can betray each other, and the resort to proxy warfare can also exacerbate international rivalries. States seeking to use proxies for strategic purposes also frequently fail to comprehend the nature of the conflicts they meddle in, and the short-term benefits gained from indirect warfare can be overshadowed by the disastrous long-term impact of their intervention.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Tribes and Proxy Wars
No full textThis chapter analyzes the role of tribes as proxies in the Middle East and North Africa region. It seeks to answer two closely related questions. Why and how do local and international actors rely on tribes in the Middle East as proxies to achieve their military purposes? And second, how has this process influenced peace and stability in the Middle East? Tribes in the Middle East and North Africa have frequently been used by state actors for domestic security and external fighting purposes. While this strategy has often proved to be successful, the use of tribes as proxies can have significant consequences. This study explores the use of tribes as proxies by examining two case studies: first, the instrumentalization of tribes as proxies in US counterinsurgency efforts against al-Qaeda in Iraq between 2006 and 2008; and second, the use of tribes as proxies by multiple parties during the Syrian civil war
The Return of Great Power Proxy Wars?
Get PDFIn the final chapter of the handbook, Erin K. Jenne and David S. Siroky discuss the possibility of a return of “Great Proxy Wars.” The authors argue that over the past decade, the international stage has witnessed a return of symmetrical proxy wars reminiscent of the Cold War period. This is most clearly exemplified by an increasingly revanchist Russia that has been facing off against Western power in Syria and Ukraine. Jenne and Siroky believe that these types of proxy wars are more likely to occur during periods of heightened great power rivalry and in states that straddle rival security hierarchies
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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