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Segregation and apartheid state-funding schemes: the establishment of the urban African township of Daveyton in the East Rand, South Africa, 1950-1990
Get PDFMaster of Arts in History, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus.Gold mining on the Witwatersrand created financial prosperity for South Africa since the late 19th century. The growth of the mining sector brought a large population of African men from the rural areas in southern Africa into the Witwatersrand, particularly during the 1940s to the East Rand. With an increasing African urban population, the local authorities had to find funding strategies to house the population. In Benoni, the local authorities used loans from the central government in the first phase of Daveyton’s development but later actively sought alternative funding schemes such as funds from the local beer hall. During the late 1960s, township funding became linked with the advocation of the homelands. This meant that funds which were previously used to fund townships were now shifted to develop the homelands. Daveyton was not immune from this shift. Therefore, strategies had to be envisioned regarding where funds would come from to continue the development of Daveyton.
To halt more African urbanisation, the apartheid government pursued and enforced influx control laws with more vigour to control Africans' freedom of movement and occupational choice. Although, land occupation and squatter camps such as Apex squatter camp continued to proliferate in the East Rand. From the onset, there was a pressing need for both the local and the central government to eradicate what was deemed as unsanitary and uncontrolled areas. The establishment of state-regulated townships such as Daveyton were the most effective solution. To establish the township, the government set up the Mentz commission to investigate how townships could be established and offer recommendations. The commission’s recommendations were used as the blueprint for township establishment in many areas of the country. This includes the establishment of Daveyton as a so-called “modern model” township with ethnic zoning. On the East Rand, the Benoni authorities relied heavily on central government-sanctioned loans and state legislation to ease the financial burden of establishing Daveyton. To ensure that funding was available, the Native Services Levy Fund, enacted in 1952, proved pivotal in funding the basic amenities in the township such as the sewerage scheme, electrification, and water reticulation amongst other amenities.
To make up for the funds being directed to the homelands, beer halls became a lucrative form of income for local municipalities and the central government. In Daveyton, the Town Council of Benoni supported the beer hall as a revenue generator and invested funds to ensure it remained operational. However, even with profits from the beer halls, schooling and the transport system remained troublesome for both the authorities and the township residents. The Town Council of
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Benoni received assistance from the Benoni Rotary Club in establishing the first African high school in the township. Although, for transportation, the township was only served by one railway line, which was not enough for the expanding population, and authorities were reluctant to allow for the expansion of the taxi industry.
During the 1980s the government sought to continue financing the development of Daveyton and simultaneously continue funding the homelands. Unemployment in the homelands resulted in a constant flow of jobseekers to the urban centres, and squatting rose intensely in Daveyton. The rising housing shortages in the township, forced the government to free itself of its responsibility of being the township developer and landlord. They distanced itself from the further development of Daveyton and pave the way for private entrepreneurs by selling its beer outlets and invited private enterprises to construct housing for Africans.Master
Reforming Youthful Offenders: The Case of Diepkloof Reformatory School, 1935-1948
Get PDFThis article explores Alan Paton’s efforts towards turning a prison into a school, the task which he was given by the Union Education Department following numerous debates in parliament in 1934. The aim was to transfer all reformatory institutions for juveniles run by the Department of Prisons, to the Union Education Department. Equally important, this article focuses on Paton’s journey and experiences as the principal of Diepkloof Reformatory School from 1935 to 1948. The focus is on African juvenile offenders since Diepkloof Reformatory was the only reformatory for African boys in the Union and the continent of Africa until the 1960s. The account delves into the day-to-day lives of pupils who were sent to the Reformatory School by the Children’s Courts. Paton, driven by a vision of rehabilitation over punishment, introduced reforms emphasising education, skills training, and self-discipline. The article explores the day-to-day lives of the youth incarcerated at Diepkloof Reformatory, an angle that has received limited attention from historians and reformists. It also extends beyond the reformatory, addressing the release conditions, home suitability, and the struggles some boys experienced in reintegrating into society. Paton\u27s vision to make Diepkloof a place of justice and opportunity faced setbacks, yet his influence left a lasting impact on others who found success after rehabilitation. The article studies primary sources and correspondence to provide an understanding of the rehabilitation efforts Paton made to turn this prison into a school and the recommendations made by the Board of Management towards smooth administration to ensure an effective rehabilitation process for the boys
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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