22 research outputs found
Supravalvular aortic stenosis in William′s syndrome
No full textWe report supravalvular aortic stenosis in a 12 year old patient who presented with mental retardation, malformed teeth, broad lower lips, pectus carinatum, clinodactyly, kyphoscoliosis with symptoms of shortness of breath. On examination presence of better volume pulse in right radial artery with ejection systolic murmur best heard in right 2nd intercostal space were noted. Patient was diagnosed as having William′s syndrome with investigations demonstrating Supravalvular aortic stenosis with a gradient of 170 mm Hg
A case of tetralogy of Fallot associated with left anterior descending coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula
No full textPresence of coronary to pulmonary artery fistula is generally a feature of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. We present a rare case of left anterior descending coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula in a patient of tetralogy of Fallot
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting with bilateral internal thoracic arteries: Will this be the future?
No full textThe impact of HIV/AIDS on the quality of life: a cross sectional study in north India
No full textObjective: To determine the impact of Human Deficiency Virus
(HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) on the quality of life
(QOL) on such patients in North India. Design: A cross sectional
study. Setting: Outpatient setting and wards, Department of Medicine
at a premier tertiary health care center, North India. Participants:
Sixty-eight consecutive HIV/AIDS patients attending Medicine out
patient department and/or admitted to the wards of All India Institute
of Medical Sciences were administered a structured questionnaire by the
HIV nurse coordinator. QOL was evaluated using the WHOQOL-Bref (Hindi)
instrument. Analysis: One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was
performed to find out significant difference between the clinical
categories and socio-demographic variables on QOL domains. Results:
The overall QOL mean score on a scale of 0-100 was found to be 25.8.
Similarly, on the scale of 0-100 the mean scores in the four domains of
QOL in descending order were social (80.9); psychological (27.5);
physical (17.7) and environmental domain (11.65). There was a
significant difference of quality of life in the physical domain
between asymptomatic patients (14.6) and patients with AIDS (10.43)
defining illnesses (p< 0.001) and asymptomatic and early symptomatic
(12) patients (p=0.014). QOL in the psychological domain was
significantly poorer in early symptomatic (12.1) (p< 0.05) and AIDS
patients (12.4) (p< 0.006) as compared to asymptomatic individuals
(14.2). A significant difference in QOL scores in the psychological
domain was observed with respect to the educational status (p<
0.037) and income of patients (p< 0.048). Significantly better QOL
scores in the physical (p< 0.040) and environmental domain (p<
0.017) were present with respect to the occupation of the patients.
Patients with family support had better QOL scores in environmental
domain. Conclusions: In our study, QOL is associated with education,
income, occupation, family support and clinical categories of the
patients
Clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis, follow up and management of right-sided cardiac thrombi
No full textAbstractBackgroundRight-sided cardiac masses are infrequent and have varied clinical presentation. The present study describes the clinical features, echocardiographic findings and management of 19 patients presenting with right-sided cardiac thrombi in a tertiary care center in north India.MethodsThis is a retrospective, single center observational study of consecutive patients over the period January 2003–2008 admitted in our emergency intensive care unit (EICU). We identified 38 patients with right-sided cardiac masses admitted to EICU diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography of which 19 patients had right-sided thrombus. The echocardiographic findings were reviewed by two cardiologists in all patients. Treatment was not standardized and choice of therapy was based on judgment of attending physician.ResultsThe mean age of patients with cardiac thrombus was 36.6 ± 11.8 years. Right atrial (n = 17) and right ventricle (n = 2) thrombi were associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 7 (36.8%) and pulmonary embolism in 3 (15%) patients. 13 (68.4%) patients appeared to have in situ mural thrombus. 12 patients were managed with oral anticoagulants, 3 patients underwent surgery and 4 patients were thrombolysed. All the survivors had a mean follow-up of 40 ± 6 months (range – 18–50 months).ConclusionsPrompt echocardiographic examination in an appropriate clinical setting facilitates faster diagnosis and management of patients with right-sided cardiac thrombi. High incidence of in situ mural thrombus and varied comorbidities predisposing to right-sided cardiac thrombi besides DVT and pulmonary embolism need to be recognized. Oral anticoagulation and thrombolysis appear to be the mainstay of treatment with surgery limited for selected patients
An alternative technique for septation of the aortopulmonary window using a fenestrated, unidirectional valved fabric patch
No full text
Not Available
No full textNot AvailableThe effect of increase in temperature on grain yield of some winter crops (wheat, mustard, barley and chickpea)
in northwest India was evaluated on the basis of historic records and through a dynamic crop growth
model, WTGROWS. The optimal date of sowing was also evaluated in view of the increase in seasonal temperature. The yield of these crops, especially wheat, already showing signs of stagnation in most places of northwest India, is most likely to be affected by temperature changes. The solar radiation–temperature interactions study in wheat reveals some interesting trends and is seen to vary from one location to another. Keeping in view the trends in global climate change, a shift in sowing time, as an adaptation strategy is recommended. The simple and empirical relations between yield and seasonal temperature change can be well used for a crude estimate of yield dependence of temperature rise of these winter crops.Not Availabl
Expert eValuation of Efficacy and Rationality of Vildagliptin “EVER-Vilda”: An Indian Perspective
No full textVildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is effective in reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) when administered as monotherapy, dual or triple combination therapy. In India, Vildagliptin is commonly prescribed in T2DM patients because it reduces mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), has lower risk of hypoglycemia and is weight neutral. Early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin is effective and well-tolerated in patients with T2DM, regardless of age or ethnicity. In view of already existing data on vildagliptin and the latest emerging clinical evidence, a group of endocrinologists, diabetologists and cardiologists convened for an expert group meeting to discuss the role and various combinations of vildagliptin in T2DM management. This practical document aims to guide Physicians and Specialists regarding the different available strengths and formulations of vildagliptin for the initiation and intensification of T2DM therapy
Judicial Approach Amidst Growing Live-in Relationship
No full textPurpose: The purpose of this article is to comprehend the Judiciarys response and apprehend the pace of change in the social dynamics of the society about live-in relations. This article also comprehends the inter-linkage of the concept of live-in relationships vis-à-vis other laws, which require more clarity.
Design/Methodology: In this study, the research brings down the concept of a live-in relationship by analyzing various judgments down the link from pre-independence to post-independence through the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDWA). This study analyzed the data of the Supreme Court and High Courts down the line from 2010 to 2021 and analyzed the high courts that have the maximum number of cases. The approach is to identify how Judiciary interprets the live-in relationship in different facts under the light of various laws.
Practical Implication: This study helps to identify the way forward in the absence of the legislative framework on live-in relationships through the interpretation by the Hon’ble Supreme Court and other High Courts.
Originalities/Value: This study is predominantly based upon the question placed before the larger bench by Madras High Court as to whether the woman is entitled to get a pension in a live-in relationship. The resultant of this work is based upon the opinion of the existing judgment that brings support to reach out to the conclusion.
Outcome/Finding: The dimension of the social changes and changing the mindset of youth is an accepted fact to give legal recognition to live-in relationships. The Court has paved the way for a live-in relationship in property, maintenance, and domestic violence. This is high time for the legislature to code the separate statute for the live-in relationship so that the women from this relationship have not exploited due to the non-presence of the statute.
Keywords: Domestic violence, Judicial approach, Live-in relationship, Social changes.
Introduction
In the present era, the social structure changes because of the change in the mindset of the people and social dynamics. The factors that change society\u27s mindset are globalization, freedom, privacy, and profession. They are chiefly responsible for fading society\u27s cultural normative ideology towards \u27live-in relationship.\u27
Through a process of amendment, the law takes its time to explain such societal changes. As a result, the law cannot afford to remain stagnant in a changing world. If one examines the evolution of Hindu law across time, it becomes apparent that it was never static and has altered to meet the challenges of changing societal patterns at various times[1].
In the case of Velusamy vs. D. Patchaiammal[2] the expression "relationship in the form of marriage," which is contained under the definition of "domestic relationship," as not being crystal clear, as respects the scope of the definition as would have been necessary. So the Hon’ble Supreme Court defines the “relationship in the nature of marriage,” in conjunction with the eligibility criteria being read into it.
The Supreme Court and various High courts pronounce the judgment on many issues which involve property, alimony, and the rights of the children born out from the relationship. Recently, the Madras High Court referred to the question of whether a woman in a live-in relationship can be entitled to a pension of the deceased partner to the larger bench. The present case brings many issues concerning the live-in relationship in the absence of any statute. Therefore, the solution related to the issue requires an analytical view from various judicial pronouncements on the subject matter.
1. Literature Review
Anuja Agrawal describes in her paper Law and live-in relationships in India (2012) that the nature of heterosexual relations is in focus since the early recommendations were made by Malimath Committee Report. However, she opines that the nature of the legal sanction accorded to the live-in relationships in India is far from reaching the legal consensus that has arrived in western countries.
In his research, Judicial approach to the live-in relationship in India; Its impact on other related Statutes (2014), the author Sonali Abhang examines the judicial approach and finds that the laws need to change for the child borne out of such relations are not getting the full access to the rights which the other children born out of the legally sanctioned marriage are given. For instance, the former is not liable to avail the ancestral properties. Moreover, she also finds out that most countries have given legal sanctions to the live-in relationship. Furthermore, she also calls for amendments to CrPC, IEA, and the Hindu Marriage Act.
Dr. Swarupa N Dholam examines the context and relevance of the impugned inquiry and explains that there ought to be separate law. Furthermore, he states in his paper Socio-legal dimensions of live-in Relationship in India (2015) that such separately existing law is necessary because such cohabitation affects them and the children born out of such relationship.
Sweta Gupta describes the state of those in such relationships in her Ph.D. thesis entitled Women and law in India with particular reference to the live-in relationship (2017) as ones with too many dilemmas about succession, divorce, maintenance, guardianship, domestic violence, etc. One fundamental question she arouses is the unanswered question of law in terms of the break-up. She opines that sanctity ought to be given to such live-in relationships after a certain period. This endeavor will undoubtedly enhance the nature of legal rights envisaged by the parties when they consented to cohabit together. The law has to play a central role in reforming and bringing positive modern values into the relationships built thereupon by two adult consenting parties.
Astha Saxena, in her paper Live in a relationship and Indian Judiciary (2019), states that so far, the Judiciary has shied away from treating all the living relationships as in nature of marriage. This eventually has led to no similar judgments being pronounced in like cases. Moreover, she reiterates a need for a definite law so that the scope of different opinions is slimed away.
On theme Social and legal provisions related to live-in relationship in India: an Evaluation (2021), its author Shyam Prakash Pandey states that the Indian Judiciary has a divergent view on the current topic and therefore underscores the need for the law. He furthermore opines that law traditionally has been biased in favour of the marriage, however, where two-person consent to live together in nature of marriage. However, without marrying, then in such a case, the law must come to protect the women as they are not equal to men due to patriarchal society.
Meanwhile, Choudhary Laxmi Narayan and ors. in their paper entitled Live-in relationships in India; legal and psychological implications (2021), delves upon the issue under consideration and states that it is good to be in a good-quality relationship from the perspective of mental health. He states the research carried on by Harvard University wherein the findings published in 2012 after many years of the study show that health and happiness do not result from wealth, fame, or hard work but instead from relationships.
2. Judicial Development on Live-in Relationship
In India, there is no law explicitly addressing live-in relationships. In the absence thereof, many provisions are read into for understanding the implications of such a relationship. One such law is The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 which establishes the legitimacy of children born of invalid or voidable marriages and their succession and property rights.
2.1 Privy Council view on the Concept of Living partners before Independence
The Privy Council[3] elucidates on the concept of Living partners by stating that if a man and a woman are proven to have lived together as husband and wife, the law will postulate that they were living together as a result of legitimate marriage and not in a condition of concubine unless the reverse is convincingly demonstrated. The case of the Privy Council was referred in the case of Tulsa & Ors vs. Durghatiya & Ors[4], wherein the Supreme Court held that there is a \u27presumption of marriage\u27 u/S.114[5], when a man and a woman live together as husband and wife for a prolonged period. In another case where the Lahore High Court[6] said that when a man and a woman have cohabited regularly for several years, the law presumes in favor of marriage and against concubine.
2.2 The Hon’ble Supreme Court precedents on the Concept of Living partners
The Supreme Court, in various judgments, streamlines the concept of a live-in relationship. In the case of Badri Prasad v. Dy. Director of Consolidation[7] the Court held that very few of the married couple would succeed if they require proof as husband and wife in a society where they have to establish by an eye-witness proof that they were legitimately married fifty years earlier after half a century of wedlock.
There is a strong conjecture in favor of wedlock in the scenario in which the couples have lived as husband and wife for a more extended period. Whereas, the presumption is rebuttable on the ground that the person seeking to deprive the relationship of its legal genesis bears a hard difficulty to prove it. When oral and other trustworthy evidence shows that the couple lived as husband and wife, the family record does not reflect them as husband and wife is not conclusive evidence to dispute their husband and wife connection.[8].
In the case of Madan Mohan Singh v. Rajni Kant[9]The Court categorically referred that the long-term relationship cannot be considered a walk-in and walk-out relationship. The Court inferred through this point that the long-term relationship could be treated as like marriage. In another case of S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal[10] the Court ruled that a living relationship falls within Article 21 of the Indian Constitution\u27s right to life. The Court went on to say that live-in relationships are legal and that the act of two adults living together is not illegal or criminal.
The Hon’ble Supreme Court precedent on the point of maintenance under S. 125 CRPC of Live-in partners
A question raised before the apex court[11] whether the partners live-in together as husband and wife are entitled to get maintenance under S. 125 of CRPC. The Court held that the term \u27wife\u27 includes a man and a woman living together as husband and wife for an extended period. To fulfill the true spirit and essence of the beneficial provision of maintenance under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C, strict proof of marriage should not be a pre-condition for maintenance under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C.
In the case of Chanmuniya v. Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha[12], the question was raised before the Court whether the women entitled to get maintenance if not legally wedded, under sec. 125 Cr.P.C. The Court held that the cause of maintenance should be read in the light of sec. 26 of Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDWA), and hence the maintenance was granted in this case.
2.3. The Hon’ble Supreme Court precedent on the point of an aggrieved person under Domestic Violence Act, 2005
For the first time in the field of the live-in partner, the statute to provide the structural support by acknowledging the live-in relationship was under the ambit of Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDWA). The act protected the woman who is not married but living with the male partner in a relationship akin to the idea of marriage. The definition of ‘domestic relationship’[13] means a relationship of two-person people living together in a shared household, and the definition expressly used the term \u27in the nature of marriage.\u27
The question frequently raised before the Court is about the maintenance of a woman who lived together with a man as husband and wife, wherein the Court has to decide what a relationship like marriage is. The Court mentions the elements of a \u27Common Law Marriage,\u27 stating that not all "live-in relationships" are equivalent to "marriage-like relationships." As an example, the Court adds that simply spending weekends together, or "a one-night stand" in a case, is not enough. The Court also added into it that "Indian society is changing, and this change has been reflected and recognized by Parliament by enacting The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005".
In the case of Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma, the Court emphasized the facts of the case and held that if a woman is aware that the man is married, knowing the fact entered into a relationship, and under that circumstances, the Court denies the relief, which evidently is a gross injustice to the victim of such relationship. This case brings out many folds on a live-in relationship where the Supreme Court requests the parliament to legislate the statute to bring down the clarity for the Judiciary and society.
2.4. Malimath Committee Report on Live-in Relationship
The Committee give its suggestion regarding the maintenance of a second wife in the presence of the first wife. An attempt was made to address injustice with the second wife-like relationship of a woman. The committee referred that the illegal act of the man should not give unnecessary suffering to a woman who might be under dark relating to the information of his marriage. During 2008, the state of Maharashtra brought into effect the suggestion and incorporated into law which brought the legal status for \u27live-in relationship\u27 into the public domain. A critical examination of some of the Malimath Committee\u27s recommendations and aspects, as well as the debates surrounding the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, reveals that the legal changes are primarily aimed at recognizing women\u27s vulnerable position within traditional forms of non-marital relationships[14].
3. The present question is whether the woman in a live-in relationship can be entitled to the deceased partner\u27s pension.
The concept of a live-in relationship or live-in partner does not have a statute. In contrast, the change in the mind of the society and the judicial interpretation progressively focussed on the social justice to the woman who is in the long period of a relationship. The Hon\u27ble Supreme Court in the case of Captain Ramesh Chander Kaushal v. Veena Kaushal and Ors[15]held that Section 125 is essentially the same as Section 488 of the Cr.P.C. of 1898, except that parents are now included in the group of people entitled to support. It was noted that this provision is a measure of social justice explicitly designed to safeguard and prevent the neglect of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm and that it fits within the constitutional sweep of Art. 15(3), which Art reinforces. 39.
Justice Krishna Iyer observed that- "We do not doubt that sections of statutes calling for construction by courts are not petrified print but vibrant words with social functions to fulfill. The brooding presence of the constitutional empathy for the weaker sections like women and children must inform interpretation if it is to have social relevance. So viewed, it is possible to be selective in picking that interpretation out of two alternatives which advance the cause- the cause of the derelicts."
In the case of Savitaben Somabhat Bhatiya v. State of Gujarat & others[16], the Court held that it was desirable to recognize the predicament of an unfortunate lady who inadvertently comes into wedlock with a married man, as there is no scope to include a woman who is not lawfully married under the word of \u27wife.\u27 Only the Legislature, according to the Court, may correct this legal shortcoming.
4. Statistical Analysis of Supreme Court and High Courts from 2010 to 2021
The term \u27live-in relationship\u27 was searched in the database of manupatra from the year 2010 to 2021, and the researchers found a mixed analysis of the increase and decrease of cases in the apex courts. The database of manupatra filter out by selecting the judgment of Supreme Court and High Courts down the line year-wise that there is the constant increase of cross-laws like from property acquisition to succession; from claim-maintenance to maintenance entitlement which leads the legislature to integrate the live-in relationship law into various other existing statutes.
Fig. 1 The year-wise case on the live-in relationship of Supreme Court and High Courts
The above graphical shows the structure of increase and decrease of cases whereas in the year 2020 due to pandemic there is less number of the case whereas the increase of case is the resultant of the year 2020. The case related to live-in relationships saw a sharp rise in 2021 because, during the pandemic, not many cases were entertained, but after, there was a significant rise of cases before the high courts.
Fig. 2 Cases in Supreme Court and High Courts (top ten based on no. of the case)
The above represent that in the year 2021, the Court that leads in terms of case related to live-in relationship followed by Punjab and Haryana High court, which are neighbouring state and the reason behind these high statistics based on the societal change. The cosmopolitan nature in this area is the core reason for an increasing live-in relationship which creates issues that land in the courts for resolution.
5. Conclusion & Suggestion
Inadvertent relationships or relationships made in an attempt to evade the controversies with the society may promote live-in relationships among the newer generation. They are not legally wedded by cohabiting together in a relationship in the nature of husband and wife. In such circumstances, what would be the rights and duties of the parties therein? There ought to be a legal statute on that issue to address such a question. However, if any such particular law is absent, then what? Such was the question before us in the present context of live-in relationships.
It is found, as stated, that there is no statute specifically dealing with the matter under consideration. So should it be assumed that the parties have no rights and obligations? Should no Acts affect such instances? It seems any strict interpretation of laws would deprive many of the rights that could have been brought in under the assumption of various provisions. Furthermore, therefore, the people in a consensual relationship would have borne hardship had no obligations been imposed upon them as per some Acts. Furthermore, various statutes have implications for the live-in relationship, by way of judicial interpretation, in the absence of any specific laws, such as Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Hindu Marriage Act, Cr.P.C., etc. Hence the judicial interpretation is that no person should be allowed to walk in and walk out on any other person with whom they have cohabited for an extended period in a relationship in nature of marriage.
However, merely because the live-in relationship can be read into with the help of the other statutes does not necessitate the absence of specific law to regulate it. There comes the point when there may be conflicting judgments of the courts on issues pari-materia, such as maintenance, pension, children born thereof, and other miscellaneous matters. Hence it becomes effectively sine qua non to have laws dealing mainly on matters which have gained eminence in the society, such as live-in relationships. More so because the function of the Court is to interpret the laws and not to legislate. The graphical representation of the data in various high courts where there are more cases is directly linked with the change in the lifestyle dynamics in the metro cities.
Moreover, the definition as provided by the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 is of minimal scope. Nor can it deal with matters under consideration effectively. Therefore, the legislature ought to draw out a bill to effectively address live-in relationships. Any such bill must consider the implications upon the women and the children, for they are more likely to be abused.
Bibliography
Abaranji, P. S. (2021). Stigmatising the Taboo against Pre-Marital Sex and Live in Relationships in India: An Analysis of S. Khushboo v. Kaniammal & Anr. Supremo Amicus, 25, 148. (In English)
Abhang, S. (2014). Judicial approach to “live-in-relationship” in India-its impact on other related statutes. J Human Soci Sci, 19. (In English)
Acharya, K., & Udgata, S. (2019). Live-In-Relationships in India and Their Impact-A Sociological Study. Available at SSRN 3451288. (In English)
Agrawal, A. (2012). Law and ‘live-in’ relationships in India. Economic and Political Weekly. (In English)
Chatterjee, S. (2020). Legal Recognition of Live-In Relationship: An Emerging Trend of Social Transformation in India. Indian JL & Just., 11, 1. (In English)
Choudhary, A. A. (2015). Live-in Relationships Now Acceptable Norm in Society: SC. The Times of India. (In English)
Naik, K., & Maley, D. G. (2017). Legal Recognition of Live-In Relationship and Its Challenges to the Institution of Marriage. Indian Journal of Law and Human Behavior, 3(1). (In English)
Narayan, C. L., Narayan, M., & Deepanshu, M. (2021). Live-In Relationships in India—Legal and Psychological Implications. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 3(1), 18-23. (In English)
Shreya, S. (2017). A Socio-Legal Study of Live in Relationships and Its Impact on the Institution of Marriage. Supremo Amicus, 2, 360. (In English)
Tripathy, B., & Misra, V. N. LIVE IN RELATIONSHIPS AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY: A CRITICAL SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY. (In English)
Footnotes
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