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Disciplina e tecnica dell'esame incrociato
Get PDFLa tesi di dottorato in oggetto tratta dell’esame incrociato.
In particolare nel primo capitolo ho affrontato il tema delle attività preliminari all’esame incrociato, nel secondo la sua disciplina e nel terzo la sua tecnica.
Tale tema di ricerca è stato affrontato facendo costante riferimento alla prassi dei tribunali, alla giurisprudenza e dottrina di riferimento evidenziandone i profili problematici.
Questo istituto può essere definito come quell’insieme di regole con le quali le parti pongono direttamente le domande alla persona esaminata. Le regole sono state elaborate da una prassi secolare che si è formata negli ordinamenti angloamericani.
L’esame incrociato è stato definito nei paesi anglosassoni il miglior “strumento” per conoscere la verità. Esso si basa sul principio secondo cui la verità si conosce tanto meglio, quanto, più spazio è lasciato alla dialettica tra le parti in conflitto.
Rispetto a tale modello, il codice italiano si caratterizza per il fatto di riprodurre soltanto alcune di quelle regole e per la scelta di attribuire al giudice un controllo penetrante sullo svolgimento dell'esame. In particolare, il presidente dell'organo giudicante ha la funzione di “assicurare la pertinenza delle domande, la genuinità delle risposte, la lealtà dell'esame e la correttezza delle contestazioni ( ... )” (art. 499, comma 6).
L’esame incrociato si articola nei tre momenti fondamentali dell'esame diretto, del controesame e del riesame (art. 498): i soggetti che pongono le domande sono il pubblico ministero ed i difensori delle parti private.
L’esame diretto è condotto dalla parte che ha chiesto di interrogare il testimone (o altro soggetto che rende dichiarazioni). L'esame diretto tende ad ottenere la rappresentazione dei fatti conosciuti dal testimone; tali fatti dovrebbero essere utili a dimostrare la tesi di colui che lo ha citato; il suo scopo è quello di dimostrare che il teste è attendibile e credibile. Per tale motivo sono vietate le “domande suggerimento” (art. 499, comma 3)
Il controesame è eventuale, nel senso che le parti, che non hanno chiesto l’ammissione di quel teste, possono a loro volta porre domande. Il controesame è condotto dalla parte che ha un interesse contrario a quella che ha chiesto l'esame del testimone (o altro dichiarante).
Il controesame può avvenire sui fatti ovvero sulla credibilità del testimone, o ancora su entrambi gli oggetti. Nel controesame sono ammesse le domande-suggerimento.. Il riesame è doppiamente eventuale perché si svolge soltanto se vi è stato il controesame; nel riesame la parte che ha condotto l’esame diretto può “proporre nuove domande”. La funzione del riesame è quella di consentire, a chi ha introdotto la prova, il “recupero” della sequenza dei fatti, dopo che il controesame ha cercato di mettere in dubbio la loro esistenza; oppure consente di esporre la ragione di contraddizioni nelle quali il testimone è caduto; pertanto tende a corroborare la validità della dichiarazione inizialmente resa.
In questa tesi ho affrontato molti profili problematici. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata al problema delle domande nocive, di quelle suggestive di quelle trabocchetto e del teste c.d. ostile. Infine sono state evidenziate le regole che disciplinano l’esame incrociato con particolare riferimento alla loro interpretazione giurisprudenziale e alle sanzioni eventualmente previste in caso di trasgressione.This doctoral thesis deals with cross examination.
In particular I have dealt with the topic of the activities preliminary to cross examination in the first chapter, its discipline in the second and its technique in the third.
The research topic has been dealt with making constant reference to the court’s praxis and to the jurisprudence and doctrine of reference, and therefore evidencing some of the problematic profiles.
This institute can be defined as the rules by with which the parties ask the questions directly to the examined witness. The rules were drawn from a secular praxis that has formed in Anglo-American orderings. The cross examination has been defined in the Anglo-Saxon countries as the best instrument for discovering the truth. It is based on the principle that the truth is better known when more space is left to the dialectic between the parties in conflict.
Compared to that model, the Italian code is characterized for the fact that it reproduces some of those rules and by the choice of giving the judge a penetrating control on the development of the cross examination. In particular, the purpose of is to assure the question’s relevancy, the answer’s sincerity, the examination’s loyalty and the accuracy of the objections (…)” (art. 499, c.p.p.).
The cross examination is structured in three fundamental stagesmoments 1) direct examination, 2) cross examination and 3) re-examination (art. 498): the subjects that ask the questions are the public minister and the private party’s advocates.
The direct examination is conduct by the party that asked to interrogate the witness. The direct examination aim aims to obtain a representation of facts as known to the witness; such facts should be useful in demonstrating the examiner’s thesis.
The final purpose of the direct examination is to demonstrate that the witness is reliable and credible. Therefore leading questions are prohibited (art. 499, c.p.p.).
Cross-examination is optional in the sense that parties that didn’t ask for admission of that witness, can ask questions. Cross-examination is conducted by the party that has a contrary interest. Cross-examination can be regarding facts or credibility of the witness, or both subjects.
Leading questions are permitted during the cross-examination.
The re-examination is also optional because it is possible only after the cross-examination. In the re-examination the party that conducted the direct examination can propose new questions. The function of the re-examination is to allow to the examiner to recover the sequence of facts after the cross-examination tried to put in doubt its existence; it also allows explanation of any contradictions into which the witness has fallen; therefore it aims to corroborate the validity of the initially rendered declaration.
In this thesis I have dealt with many problematic aspects. In particular, detailed attention has been dedicated to the problem of injurious questions, leading questions, trick questions and the hostile witness. Finally I have evidenced the rules that regulate cross examination with particular reference to their jurisprudential interpretation and to the sanctions eventually predicted in transgression cases
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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