1,720,979 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
B cell tolerance defects and its restauration in autoimmune diseases
No full textLes maladies auto-immunes présentent une incidence croissante et sont associées à une morbi-mortalité conséquente chez une population jeune. Les progrès importants des dernières décennies sur la compréhension de la physiopathologie ont permis l'émergence de nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblées. Cependant, les traitements utilisés actuellement ont un caractère suspensif et visent essentiellement les effecteurs terminaux du système immunitaire. De plus, de nouveaux défis sont apparus dans la prise en charge de l'auto-immunité avec l'apparition d'atteintes d'organes induites par les inhibiteurs de checkpoint immunologique, de plus en plus utilisés dans la prise en charge des patients en cancérologie. De nombreuses données sont en faveur d'un défaut de tolérance centrale lors de l'ontogénie des lymphocytes B, qui persistent au cours de la maladie auto-immune. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de la tolérance des lymphocytes B pourrait permettre de tester des voies thérapeutiques innovantes. Dans le premier travail, nous avons étudié l'impact de l'inhibition de PTPN22 sur la tolérance B centrale dans les maladies auto-immunes. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris humanisées, allogreffées avec des cellules CD34+ provenant de la moelle osseuse de donneurs sains ou de patients avec une polyarthrite rhumatoïde ou un lupus systémique. Nous avons montré que notre modèle permettait de retrouver les défauts de tolérance B centrale identifiés chez les patients. Une stratégie d'inhibition de PTPN22 par injection biquotidienne permettait de restaurer une tolérance B centrale efficace, évaluée par le taux de lymphocytes B transitionnels polyréactifs. Nous avons mis en évidence que cette restauration de tolérance était associée à une modification du répertoire des chaines lourdes et légères du récepteur BCR. L'étude de transcriptomique a permis de mettre en évidence une majoration de l'édition du récepteur du lymphocyte B ainsi qu'une diminution de la signature interféron au niveau central. Dans le second travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude de la tolérance centrale et périphérique des lymphocytes B chez les patients traités par inhibiteur de checkpoint immunologique et qui développaient des réactions auto-immunes. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que les inhibiteurs de CTLA-4 étaient seuls responsables de l'induction d'un défaut de tolérance périphérique avec une majoration de la fréquence de lymphocytes B matures naïfs auto-réactifs. Ce rôle de CTLA-4 dans la tolérance périphérique a été confirmé dans un modèle murin, permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de tolérance périphérique. Nous avons également identifié que certaines manifestations auto-immunes induites plus rarement comme le diabète de type I étaient liées à un défaut de tolérance centrale, probablement préexistant au traitement et révélé par celui-ci.Autoimmune diseases have an increasing prevalence and are association with significant morbidity and mortality. Over the past decades, major advances in our understanding of their pathophysiology led to the development of new targeted therapies. However, those treatments are often only suspensive and target immune effector cells. Moreover, new challenges arose in autoimmunity landscape with the emergence of immune related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment used to treat cancer patients. Data have accumulated to point at a defect in B cell central tolerance checkpoint during B cells development. A better comprehension of B cell tolerance mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic strategies in autoimmunity. In the first manuscript, we studied PTPN22 inhibition strategy impact on B cell central tolerance checkpoint in autoimmune diseases. We used a humanized mice model engrafted with CD34+ bone marrow cells from healthy donors or rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus patients. We showed that B cell central tolerance checkpoint defect observed in patients was recapitulated in our humanized mice model. PTPN22 inhibition strategy was associated with a restoration of B cell central tolerance checkpoint, as studied by the polyreactive new emigrant/transitional B cell frequency. We found that this tolerance restoration was association with a skew in BCR repertoire suggesting more editing. Bone marrow Single cell RNA sequencing suggested that PTPN22 strategy was associated with more BCR editing and a decreased interferon signature. In the second manuscript, we studied central and peripheric B cell tolerance in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and developing immune related adverse events. We showed that anti- CTLA-4 and not anti-PD1 nor anti-PDL1 was associated with autoreactive mature naive B cells accumulation suggesting a defective peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint. CTLA-4 role in B-cell peripheral tolerance was confirmed in a murine model. We also identified that some less frequent immune related adverse events like type 1 diabetes was associated with a B cell central tolerance checkpoint defect, probably preexisting before immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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