1,720,952 research outputs found
A rejoinder to Michael Grubb, Annela Anger-Kraavi, Igor Bashmakov and Richard Wood
No full textEconomics of Technology and Innovatio
Climate Change and Economic Growth: Production Based versus Consumption Based Evidence on the Decoupling of CO2 Emissions from Economic Growth
No full textOf all the issues the world is facing today, Climate Change is the most threatening. The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has increased significantly after industrial revolution and the vast majority of scientists now agree that most of the observed warming in the Earth’s climate system has been caused by these anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. To avoid climate induced global cataclysm in the future, there is consensus in the international community that the global average temperature should not exceed by more than 2OC above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century, whereas it has already increased by 0.8 degrees in the last century and would continue to increase due to climate inertia. The challenge is to reduce the emissions to stay below this temperature limit while making sure that the mitigation costs be kept under control in order to minimize risks to economic growth and prosperity. The research question that has been addressed in this thesis is related to this apparent growth-environment conflict, to check the possibility to stabilize climate without sacrificing wealth. Therefore, the following research question was developed and explored in this thesis: “Is it possible to decouple economic growth from climate change?” The answer to this question would decide the way forward and help in developing a framework for sharing climate responsibility. The concept which holds central importance in policy discussions and which is linked to the notion of decoupling is called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). It hypothesizes that with industrialization environment degrades initially but after a threshold level of income environmental deterioration starts to decline resulting in decoupling of economic growth and environmental pollution. Thus economic growth is imperative to improving the quality of environment, and the same concept is widely applied in climate change. In this thesis, literature review was performed, covering the period from 1992-2015, on EKC which use CO2 emissions as indicator of environmental quality. It was discovered that all the studies use production based CO2 emission inventories to study the relation between economic growth and environmental quality. It is primarily because of the guidelines of IPCC which use territorial definition to calculate emissions for individual countries. This definition completely ignores economic linkages between different economies and may put extra pressure on countries which rely heavily on carbon intensive exports. This is usually the case with developing countries that are mostly specialized in emission intensive industries. Thus, it is less likely for them to participate in global effort to fight climate change and pledge an effort to reduce emissions. Since, this emission accounting framework ignores emissions embodied in trade, it may generate misleading insights on mitigation efforts with in specific geographical area and may also result in carbon leakage. Carbon leakage refers to the phenomena where emission reductions due to domestic mitigation result in an increase in emissions outside the jurisdiction. Thus, it is possible for mostly developed countries, which are Annex I countries and are parties to UNFCCC, to relocate their production to other countries with no domestic mitigation or to keep on consuming carbon intensive products which are imported from such countries. To account for carbon leakage and to consider the impact of trade on national emission accounts, consumption based national inventories have been estimated by adjusting production based emission inventories in many studies. In this study, both production based and consumption based CO2 emission inventories were used to test the relation between economic growth and environment. The data was collected from the environmental accounts of World Input Output Database. They provide CO2 emission accounts of 40 different countries for a period of 15 years (1995-2009). This is a new form of dataset and is compiled using a set of harmonized input output tables and data on energy statistics. Data was used for 39 countries for a period of 13 years, i.e. from 1995-2007. The years 2008 and 2009 were dropped fearing that the economic crisis might influence results of the study. Taiwan was also dropped from the panel of countries due to unavailable data on GDP per capita that was retrieved from World Bank database. The study performed panel data analysis to test the relation between CO2 emissions and economic growth. Estimates were generated for the whole sample and for two sample sub-groups which are Annex I and non- Annex I countries. Annex I countries are mostly industrialized nations that are less vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change where as non-Annex I countries are usually developing countries and are more vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and may also rely heavily on fossil fuel production and commerce. The results show a difference between production based and consumption based patterns. In terms of production decoupling was observed for the full sample and for Annex I countries. While in terms of consumption the relation was monotonically increasing inside the sample range. For non-Annex I countries the relation was strictly linear both in terms of production and consumption, showing that they are initial part of a larger EKC. The comparison of studies shows that there is a tendency of carbon leakage due to fragmented architecture of global emission mitigation effort. What appears to be the result of structural change in economy is actually a relocation of production to other regions. In terms of consumption patterns, economies do not change or keep on consuming more than before even if there is some reduction in emissions due to technological improvement and energy efficiency. If one leaves countries to grow completely unchecked then there is a high possibility that the world would soon surpass many climate tipping points beyond which recovery is not possible. This finding pushes the case for reforms in the system to move towards low consumption and low growth developmental models that can save the earth from this humanitarian crisis. Moreover, the importance of consumption based CO2 emissions inventory needs to be recognized in the international community and should be reported alongside production based emission inventories annually because it might help in developing a framework for equitable burden sharing for climate responsibility and ensure larger participation in mitigation effort. The research proposes these recommendations under the assumption that patterns observed in the study are representative of the world’s production and consumption based CO2 emission patterns. Also the study warns that the research be complemented with more information on underlying factors that can cause decoupling and the socio- political history of individual countries along with their relative position on power interest grid in order to properly guide policy discussions.Economics of Technology and InnovationEngineering and Policy AnalysisTechnology, Policy and Managemen
Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth: Production-based versus Consumption-based Evidence on Decoupling
No full textWe assess the Carbon-Kuznets-Curve hypothesis using internationally consistent and comparable production-based versus consumption-based CO2 emissions data for 40 countries(and 35 industries) during 1995-2007 from the World Input Output Database (WIOD). Theestimates for per capita CO2 emissions are truly comprehensive as these include all carbonemissions embodied in international trade and global commodity chains. Even if we findevidence suggesting a decoupling of production-based CO2 emissions and growth, consumptionbasedCO2 emissions are monotonically increasing with per capita GDP. We draw out the implications of these findings for climate policy and binding emission reduction obligations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
