44,952 research outputs found
The fiscal framework and urban infrastructure finance in China
No full textChina has experienced more than 25 years of extraordinary economic growth. Underlying this growth has been a decentralized fiscal system, in which provinces and large cities are given the freedom to make infrastructure investmentsto stimulate local development, and are allowed to retain a large part of the fiscal revenues that are generated from economic activity. Although successful as a growth strategy, this policy created two problems for national fiscal management. First, it significantly reduced the central government's share of fiscal revenues, which fell from 34.8 percent in 1980 to 22 percent in 1992. Second, it widened economic and fiscal disparities between the rapidly growing urban coastal region and the rest of the country. Rapid growth in subnational debt (which rose 23-fold in a decade) and subnational nonperforming loans (estimated by the authors to range between US150 billion) has placed pressure on China's financial system. Traditionally, China has favored bank lending as a source of finance because the banking system has provided a vehicle for central political control over local debt. But as China's financial system matures, creditworthiness standards must become more important. The authors recommend greater use of the revenue streams from infrastructure assets as a financing source, and gradual relaxation of central political control over subnational debt. One step in this direction would permit leading cities to issue municipal bonds based on objective financial standards.Banks&Banking Reform,Urban Economics,Public&Municipal Finance,Municipal Financial Management,Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management
Zhao Luanluan and Her Tale
No full textZhao Luanluan 趙鸞鸞 is the main protagonist of an early Ming dynasty work of fiction, the “Luanluan zhuan” 鸞鸞傳 or “The Tale of Luanluan” by Li Changqi 李昌祺 (1376–1452), which is found in his collection of twenty-two short stories: Jiandeng yuhua 剪燈餘話 (More Stories Written While Trimming the Lamp). Zhao Luanluan is here described as a woman poet who is caught up in the fall of the Yuan dynasty, but subsequently she was further fictionalized as a Tang dynasty courtesan, and her poetic works reattributed to this imaginary person. Furthermore other related fictional female poets of the Ming dynasty have also been treated as genuine historical individuals, and their writings are included in many major anthologies of women’s poetry. This paper argues that the boundaries between genuine female poets and fictional female poets created by male writers have been consistently ignored.postprin
Ascopolyporus tibetensis F. M. Yu, Q. Zhao & T. Luangharn
No full text<i>Ascopolyporus tibetensis</i> F.M. Yu, Q. Zhao & T. Luangharn <p> <b>Host:</b> On the living stem of bamboo</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> China (Tibet)</p>Published as part of <i>Yu, Feng-Ming, Wei, De-Ping, Zhao, Qi, Tang, Song-Ming & Luangharn, Thatsanee, 2023, Ascopolyporus tibetensis (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales): a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 88-98 in Phytotaxa 592 (2)</i> on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7840405">http://zenodo.org/record/7840405</a>
Anomala linwenhsini Zhao & Zorn 2022
No full textThe Anomala linwenhsini -species group Four of the new species from Taiwan described in the present paper, i.e. A. linwenhsini Zhao & Zorn, new species, A. wutaiensis Zhao & Zorn, new species, A. kanshireiensis Zorn & Zhao, new species and A. inclinata Zhao & Zorn, new species comprise a homologous group. They are characterized by the combination of the following characters: body moderately convex, anterior margin of clypeus distinctly reflexed, elytral intervals strongly convex, strial punctures dense and large, lateral carina indistinct, epipleura with a row of long setae, protibia distinctly tridentate in both sexes, metatibia rather slender and not fusiform, parameres fully separated and more or less asymmetric, scutellar surface and disc of pronotum before scutellum with few short to long erect setae. The latter setae have so far not be found in all examined specimens, and the authors are uncertain at this point whether they are worn off in these cases or not present in all specimens. Anomala inconcinna Bates, 1888, also only known from Taiwan, is superficially very similar to the species of the linwenhsini -group. However, in A. inconcinna the protibia is clearly bidentate, it does not have singular long setae on pronotum or scutellum, the epipleural setae are slightly shorter, and the aedeagus is more or less symmetric. Therefore, the authors currently do not include A. inconcinna in the linwenhsini -group.Published as part of Zhao, Ming-Zhi & Zorn, Carsten, 2022, Contribution to the genus Anomala Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Rutelinae) of China and adjacent regions. Part II: six new species from Taiwan and Hainan, pp. 175-195 in Zootaxa 5168 (2) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/687726
Guo ti zhuan xiao zhao sheng jian zhang
No full text[中央國體專校第四屆招生委員會]."藏者: 黃漢勛"--包裝封面.題名據卷端.[Zhong yang guo ti zhuan xiao di si jie zhao sheng wei yuan hui]."Zang zhe: Huang Hanxun"--Bao zhuang feng mian.Ti ming ju juan duan
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Burmomerope clara Zhao & Wang 2016
No full text414) Burmomerope clara Zhao & Wang, 2016 Burmomerope clara Zhao & Wang, 2016: 137. Type specimen(s). H (♀): NIGP164028 (NIGP).Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 325, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/536031
Wu Yue chun qiu / [Zhao Ye zhuan].
No full text880-03 Chu ban. Reprint of Ming Hongzhi Guang Fan ke ben.; Bound with: Wu chao ming chen yan xing lu.; Electronic reproduction. Vol. 64. Canberra, A.C.T. : National Library of Australia, 2011
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Wo yong hu san zi yi bao: Hong Shan wen hua ge ming dou pi gai pi pan Zhao Ziyang man hua
No full text文字:我拥护三自一包;下款: 红山文化革命斗批改批判赵紫阳漫画 1966.11.30; 印記: 红山文化革命斗批改 领导小组.裝裱後高寬: 121 x 37 cm.Wen zi : Wo yong hu san zi yi bao; Xia kuan : Hong Shan wen hua ge ming dou pi gai pi pan Zhao Ziyang man hua 1966.11.30; Yin ji : Hong Shan wen hua ge ming dou pi gai ling dao xiao zu.Zhuang biao hou gao kuan : 121 x 37 cm
- …
