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Hardship as a Ground for Adjustment, Termination of or Rescission from Contract
No full textMaģistra darbs veltīts būtisku apstākļu nemainīguma klauzulas (clausula rebus sic stantibus) izpētei, nolūkā novērtēt tās atzīšanas iespējas Latvijas tiesībās. Vispirms tiek analizētas raksturīgākās attieksmes pret apstākļu būtisku izmaiņu institūtu. Šajā nolūkā autors analizē klauzulas izpratni vispārējo tiesību ( Anglija un ASV), Francijas un Vācijas tiesību sistēmās. Tiek secināts, ka izpratne par būtisku apstākļu izmaiņu tiesisko sastāvu ir kopumā līdzīga, taču atšķiras atzītie tiesisko seku veidi. Saglabāt līgumu spēkā, ja vien ir iespējams saprātīgs rezultāts kaut vai daļēji sasniedzot pušu sākotnēji nospraustos mērķus ir vislabākais kompromiss starp tiesiskās drošības un taisnīguma principiem. Tādēļ autora ieskatā no salīdzināmajām tiesību sistēmām vislabākais ir Vācijas tiesību risinājums, kur par primāro tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekli atzīst prasību par līguma grozīšanu, bet līguma atcelšana vai tā izbeigšana ir alternatīvs tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzeklis gadījumam, kad līguma grozīšana ir nesaprātīga vai neiespējama.
Izvērtējot Latvijas tiesu praksi, likumdošanas vēsturi un tiesību doktrīnas atziņas autors secina, ka klauzula kā vispārīgs līgumtiesību princips pagaidām netiek atzīta. Taču vienlaikus eksistē vairākas speciālās normas Civillikumā, kā arī darba, apdrošināšanas un komerctiesībās, kuru tiesiskais sastāvs sevī ietver apstākļu būtiskas izmaiņas. Tiesu praksē un juridiskajā literatūrā ir saskatāmi mēģinājumi paplašināt nepārvaramas varas jēdzienu, kā arī tiek atzīta daļēja līguma izpildes neiespējamība. Tāpat ir skaidrs, ka tiesas principiāli neatbalsta līguma izpildīšanu līdzēju interešu nesamērīguma apstākļos, ko apliecina tiesu prakse lietās par pārmērīgiem līgumsodiem. Minētie apstākļi to kopumā norāda, ka klauzulas doktrīnas atzīšana nākotnē ir iespējama.
Analizējot Civillikuma normas tiek secināts, ka klauzula ir atvaisnāma no CL 1. pantā nostiprinātā labas ticības principa un Civillikuma 1779.1 panta normas par līgumisko zaudējumu paredzamību. Darbā ir iekļauti divi likumdošanas priekšlikumi – grozījumi Civillikuma 1776 un 1836 pantos kas regulē neiespējamības tiesiskās sekas, kā arī būtisku apstākļu izmaiņu klauzulas priekšlikums, Civillikuma Saistību daļas pirmās nodaļas piektajā apakšnodaļā (līguma sekas).
Analizējot Civillikuma normas tiek secināts, ka faktiskie apstākļi un pieņēmumi par to turpmāko attīstību (darījuma pamats) ir saistīti ar tiesiska darījuma konstitutīvu elementu – darījuma subjektīvo mērķi. Apstākļu izmaiņas, ja vien tās neattiecas uz līdzēja atbildību par risku ir pamats saistības satura izmainīšanai, ko pamato arī CL 1. pantā nostiprinātais labas ticības princips un Civillikuma 1779.1 panta norma par līgumisko zaudējumu paredzamību.
Atslēgvārdi: Līgumtiesības, salīdzinošās tiesības, risks, Labas ticības princips, clausula rebus sic stantibusThis paper is devoted to study of regulation of hardship, (or clausula rebus sic stantibus), in order to ascertain the possibility of recognition of it as general principle of Latvian contract law. To compare the solutions of hardship problem author analyzes in depth those jurisdictions, attitudes of which are the most characteristic to the subject: (1) Common law (England and USA), (2) France and (3) Germany. The recognition of matter of fact in jurisdisctions compared is broadly similar, but the legal effect differs. Keeping the contract “alive” wherever it is reasonable, follows both of principles of legal certainity and of good faith and fair dealing. Therefore author suggests, that mosts preferable solution for legal effect of hardship is being offered by German law, where the primary remedy for hardship is adaptation of contract by parties or, when the parties fail to renegotiate the contract, by court. Rescission from or termination of contract is available only as alternate remedy, when disadvantaged party proves, that adaptation of any kind should be impossible or unreasonable.
Reviewing the Latvian court practice, legislative history and legal doctrine author concludes that the majority of legal community rejects hardship as a general principle of Latvian contract law. However, there are a number of special provisions in Latvian Civil Code (Civillikums), as well as labor, insurance and commercial law, dealing with hardship situations and permitting not only to rescind but also, whenever it is possible – to modify the contract. There are attempts in court practice and legal writings to broaden the concept of force majeure. It is also clear that Latvian courts generally denies enforcement of the contractual rights which leads to manifestly great disproportion in equality of exchange when dealing with extraordinally high penal clauses in contracts. All these facts taken together may forecast future recognition of hardship doctrine in general part of Latvian contract law.
From the provisions of Latvian Civil Code ( Civillikums) author concludes that the principle of hardship can be derived from the principle of good faith the enshrined in Article 1. of Civil Code and provision of predictability of contractual damages (Article 1779.1 ). Consequently, the general principle of hardship is possible to recognize as stemming form provisions mentioned above. The paper includes two legislative proposals: (1) amended articles 1776 and 1836 of Civil Code which regulates the legal consequences of impossibility, and (2) provision for a substantial change of circumstances, proposed to include in fifth subsection (effect of contract) of first part of Part IV of Civil code.
Reviewing the Latvian court practice, legislative history and legal doctrine author concludes that the majority of legal community rejects hardship as a general principle of Latvian contract law. However, there are a number of special provisions in Latvian Civil Code (Civillikums), as well as labor, insurance and commercial law, dealing with hardship situations and permitting not only to rescind but also, whenever it is possible – to modify the contract. There are attempts in court practice and legal writings to broaden the concept of force majeure. It is also clear that Latvian courts generally denies enforcement of the contractual rights which leads to manifestly great disproportion in equality of exchange when dealing with extraordinally high penal clauses in contracts. All these facts taken together may forecast future recognition of hardship doctrine in general part of Latvian contract law.
From the provisions of Latvian Civil Code ( Civillikums) author concludes that the circumstances which were regarded by both parties as important in time of cocluding the contract (foundation of contract) are are associated with the subjective purpose of the contract, which is one of basic elements required for any legal transaction (tiesisks darījums). As far a
THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL IN THE SHADOW OF PANDEMIC RESTRICTIONS
No full textThe spread of Covid-19 virus infection, in 2020 Latvian legislator adopted several legal norms expanding the possibilities of courts to hear the case in written proceedings or videoconferencing at the expense of restrictions to the oral hearing in presence of the parties. The authors argue why the application of these restrictions, set out in the Covid-19 Infection Control Act (in Latvian – “Covid-19 infekcijas izplatības pārvaldības likums”) may result in human rights violations, and make suggestions for better regulation so that the fight to protect public health is not conducted at the expense of unreasonable restrictions on the right to a fair trial and privacy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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