33 research outputs found
TensorSim
No full textTensor-Sim
Bottum-up field simulation (no particles)-experimental runtime for Tensor der Realitäten
Requirements:
Python 3.8+
Run: python tensor_sim_v117.py
Verbindung zum Hauptprojekt
Dieses Repository ist direkt mit dem Hauptprojekt „Tensor der Realitäten“ verbunden:
https://github.com/RaikoPulvermacher/Tensor-Realit-ten
Dort befinden sich:
die konzeptionelle Grundlage
strukturelle Diagramme
philosophisch-physikalische Beschreibung
die Bottom-Up-Herleitung
Dieses Repository (Tensor-Sim) ist die experimentelle Laufzeit-Umsetzung dieser Ideen und dient als Feld-Simulation ohne Teilchenmodell.
License
This project is licensed under: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)
Author: Raiko Pulvermacher
0009-0003-9431-100
Reducer Design for Self-built Tractor
No full textIseehitatud väiketraktor on sõiduk, mida valmistati väikestes talupidamistes, et lihtsustada erinevaid töid. Selline masin koosneb tavaliselt kättesaadavatest erinevate sõidukite komponentidest. Käesoleva töö suunitluseks oli muuta diplomitöö autori talus kasutatav iseehitatud traktor võimekamaks, lisades traktorile lülitatava nelikveo. Selle saavutamiseks tuli traktorile projekteerida reduktor, muutmaks sõiduki esi- ja tagatelje ülekandearvud võrdseks. Reduktori projekteerimise protsess ongi käesoleva diplomitöö teemaks. Esmalt antakse töös ülevaade baassõidukist: millist mootorit ja jõuülekande komponente on antud iseehitatud traktori puhu kasutatud, mis hakkavad mõjutama projekteeritavat reduktorit. Reduktori projekteerimiseks arvutas autor sõiduki baasandmete põhjal vajalikud lähteandmed. Diplomitöö autor leidis reduktori ülekandearvu, mille põhjal sai hakata projekteerima hammasrattaid. Reduktori ülekandearvu ning mõjuvate jõudude arvutamiseks leidis autor sõiduki jõuülekande komponentide parameetrid ning korpuse mõõtmete leidmiseks teostas traktoril mõõtmised, leidmaks reduktori maksimaalsed piirmõõtmed. Saadud tulemuste põhjal konstrueeris autor sobiva hammasülekanne, võllid, korpuse koos kinnitustega raamile ning valis sobivad veerelaagrid. Projekteeritud detaile kontrollis diplomitöö autor erinevate analüüsimeetodite abil. Võllide, võlli nuutliite ning laagrite sobivust kontrollis autor standardsete kontrollarvutuste abil. Hammasrattaid kontrollis, kasutades inseneride loodud internetikalkulaatorit ning korpuse kriitilisemaid punkte kontrollis Catia analüüsitarkvara abil. Antud töö tulemuseks on diplomitöö autor saanud komplektse projekti, et valmistada lähteandmete põhjal toimiv reduktor nelikveo väljaehitamiseks iseehitatud väiketraktorile.The main goal of following graduation thesis Reducer Design for Self-built Tractor is to design a reducer for authors self-built tractor. The thesis gives a short overview of authors self-built tractor and its development over the years, practical part describes the process of designing a reducer for the tractor. Self-built tractors were made in small farms to simplify manual labor. These tractors are usually made from different parts of different machines. This thesis is oriented to make authors self-made tractor more capable in rough weather and road conditions by adding four wheel drive. To make four wheel drive possible, author needed to design reducer to equalize the gear ratios between two axles. In the first chapter author describes self-made tractor, which engine and drive train parts are used. Author also calculated basic data, what affects reducer design. After collecting and calculating tractors drive train data, author calculated reducers gear ratio and maximum torques. Author also made three dimensional measuring for finding out reducers case dimensions. Next step was designing the gears, shafts, reducer case and choosing correct bearings for the reducer. Designed parts, which were critical, were then analyzed. Shafts and bearings were analyzed with standard formulas. Designed gears were analyzed, by using special calculator, made by Japanese engineers. Reducer case critical points were analyzed with Catia analyze software. This thesis result is complete project, to make fully-functional reducer for self-built tractor
Fitting a Mercedes OM606 Engine into a 2-nd Generation F-Body Pontiac
No full textAntud lõputöö käigus uuriti välja Eesti liiklusseaduse kohased nõuded sõidukite ümberehituseks. Uuringu tulemusena selgus, et mootorivahetuse korral peab lähtuma majandus- ja kommunikatsiooniministri määrusest number 42, mille viimane muudatus jõustus 26.08.2019. Eelmainitud muudatuse käigus kaotati ära nõue, millega reguleeriti vahetusmootori võimsuse, massi ning kubatuuri erinevust mootorivahetuse puhul. Käesolevas lõputöös käsitletavad ümberehitused on tänu viimasele määruse muudatusele võimalikud ka tänavaliikluses kasutatavate autode puhul, milleks käsitletav sõiduk on planeeritud. Vastavalt määrusele ning arvestades ülejäänud sõiduki abiseadmeid projekteeriti lõputöö käigus Mercedes-Benz AG poolt toodetud mootorile OM606.962 ning käigukastile 717.433 vastavad kinnitusdetailid, millega ühildada mainitud tehnika ja 1979. aastal toodetud Pontiac Firebirdi kere. Detailide esialgsed kujundused tehti vastavalt sõiduki mõõtmetele ning muudeti vastavalt tugevusanalüüsidele, et saavutada minimaalne tugevusvaru 30% halvima situatsiooni korral, milleks arvestati kahe jõuülekande detaili kolmest puudumine või lahti tulek sõiduki küljest. Lisaks tugevusvarule pidi arvestama ka sõiduki hilisema hoolduslihtsuse ning ka kinnituste esteetilise välimusega kuna tegemist on sõidukiga, mida soovitakse valmimise järgselt eksponeerida ka autonäitustel. Projekteeritavate kinnitusdetailide jaoks sobivaimaks materjaliks osutus süsinikteras tähistusega S355J2. Detailide koostamiseks vajalikud lehtmetallist osad lõigatakse välja laserlõikuse teel ning torumaterjalist detailid käsitsi. Eraldiseisvad osad liidetakse omavahel MAG keevituse abil ning hiljem puhastatakse liivapritsimise teel, et saavutada ühtlane pinnaviimistlus enne lõppviimistlust. Detailide lõppviimistlus viiakse läbi pulbervärvimise teel, mis tagab kauakestva ning tugeva kaitse korrosiooni eest ning ka hea kaubandusliku välimuse. Lõputöö käigus valminud mudelid valmistatakse vastavalt kirjeldatule ning paigaldatakse valmis kujul sõidukile peale sõiduki kere taastamistööde lõppu. Komplekteeritud sõiduk planeeritakse võtta arvele Eesti liiklusregistris ning kasutusele suvise igapäevasõidukina.This thesis project involved researching the requirements established in the Traffic Act of the Republic of Estonia regarding the reconstruction and modification of vehicles. The research revealed that engine replacements must be carried out in accordance with regulation No. 42 of the Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications, the latest amendment of which entered into force on 26 August 2019. The aforementioned amendment abolished previously applicable restrictions on fitting a vehicle with a new engine with a power, mass, or displacement different from that of the original engine. This amendment makes it possible to perform the reconstruction work that is the subject of this thesis and still have the vehicle be street legal, which the author intends the vehicle in question to be. In accordance with the regulation and taking into account the other auxiliary systems of the vehicle, the author designed suitable mountings for an OM606.962 engine and a 717.433 transmission manufactured by Mercedes-Benz AG to fit the equipment in the body of a 1979 Pontiac Firebird. The initial designs of the mountings were created on the basis of the dimensions of the vehicle and subsequently modified based on strength analyses to achieve a minimum safety margin of 30% in a worst case scenario, which was defined as the missing or breakoff of two out of the three powerplant mountings. In addition to the safety margin, it was necessary to consider the future ease of maintenance of the vehicle, as well as the aesthetic appeal of the mountings, as the author also intends to eventually exhibit the vehicle at motor shows. Carbon steel S355J2 was identified as the most suitable material for the designed mountings. The sheet metal parts necessary to construct the mountings will be laser cut, while tubular parts will be hand cut. The individual parts will be joined by means of MAG welding, then cleaned through sandblasting in order to achieve a uniform surface finish before final finishing. Final finishing will involve powder coating to provide long-lasting and reliable protection against corrosion as well as an attractive commercial appearance. The models created in the course of this project will be constructed as described, and will be installed in the vehicle following the restoration of the vehicle body. The author intends to register the assembled vehicle in the Estonian traffic register and use it as an everyday summertime vehicle
Mobile Wood Chipper Feed Table Lock Design
No full textLõputöö autori ülesandeks oli valmistada etteandelaua lukustussüsteem mis lihtsustab hakkurijuhi opereerimist hakkuriga ja mida saaks juhtida hakkuri tõstuki kabiinist. Esmalt tutvustati hakkurit millistest komponentidest koosneb ja milline on hakkurit käitav mootor. Lukustuse asukoha valikult lähtuti, et lukustus ei segaks igapäeva remont tööde teostamist. Asukohaks valiti vana lukustusega sama asukoht. Edasi teostati vajalikud mõõtmised piiritlemaks lukustuse suuruse. Etteande laua mõõtmisel saadud lähteandmetega arvutati välja etteande laua lükkejõud lukustuse suletud asendi korral. Tehti materjali võrdlus leidmaks sobivaim materjal lukustuse valmistamiseks. Saadud lükkejõu suuruse põhjal projekteeriti Autodesk inventori keskkonnas esimesel korral lukustus mille varutegur oli ainult 1.2 mis jäi madalaks. Teisel katsel muudeti lukustuse disaini ja saadi varuteguriks 5,7 mis on piisav kasutamisest tekkivatele kasutusvigadele. Lukustuse lihtsaks paigaldamiseks ja eemaldamiseks projekteeriti lukustus mida saaks ühendada polt liitega hakkuri vaheraami külge. Juhtimiseks tõstuki kabiinist ühe nupule vajutusega lukustussüsteemi paigaldati külge pidurikamber mis on ühendatud veduki õhusüsteemiga. Välja toodud lisakomponendid lisa ohutuse tagamiseks lukustuse kindlaks sulgemiseks. Lukustuse valmistamisel lõikas autor ise käsitsi detailid välja millega tekkisid detailidel mõõte vead mida tuli parandada. Töö tulemuseks on valmistatud lukustussüsteem mis paigaldatakse puiduhakkuri Heinola külge.The topic of the dissertation chosen by the author is the design of a mobile wood chip feed table lock. The aim is to improve the operation of the chipper driver with the machine by designing an automatic locking system. The locking system is installed on the Heinola mobile wood chipper. The chipper has been constantly redesigned and improved over the years. To unlock the old lock, the chipper driver must make excessive movements. Climb into the truck cab to lift the truck mast. The mast of the truck rests on the feed table. Move down from the truck cab to the lock at the rear of the tractor and manually remove the locking bar. Move back to the truck cab and then start work. This must be done by the chipper driver every other day when refueling and moving in normal traffic. In connection with this, the author came up with the idea to design a locking system that can be opened and closed with the push of a button. In the first part of the thesis, the components of the wood chipper heinola and the engine driving the chipper are introduced. . The location of the lock was chosen so that the lock would not interfere with the performance of daily repair work. The same location as the old lock was selected. The same section describes the measurements made on the feed table to calculate the force in the closed position and the calculation procedure performed with the source data. The choice of material compares the selected materials and selects the best one for the lock. The second part introduces the design structure in the autodesk inventory environment and the lock designed according to the calculated amount of force that would withstand a given force. The lock designed for the first time did not meet the requirements. The second time the design was changed and made compliant. Additional components are described that provide additional security for the lock to be securely closed. The location of the lock was chosen so that the lock would not interfere with the performance of daily repair work. The same location as the old lock was selected. The third part introduces welding technology and lock making. The author's hand-cut details caused measurement errors that needed to be corrected. The task of the author of the dissertation was to prepare a feed table locking system that simplifies the operation of the chipper driver with the chipper and which could be controlled from the cab of the chipper truck
Frame Design of O3 Trailer
No full textLõputöö eesmärk oli projekteerida O3 kategooria haagise raam, mis vastab O3 haagise tüübi kinnitus nõuetele. Lõputöö raames projekteeriti O3 haagise raam lähtudes staatiliste koormusanalüüsidele.
O3 kategooria haagise raam projekteeriti Autodesk Inventori keskkonnas. Sama keskkonda kasutati ka koormusanalüüside läbiviimiseks. Seadusandluse uurimiseks kasutati kehtivaid riigiseadusi. Erinevate füüsikaliste seaduste ja haagise raamile mõjuvate jõudude välja selgitamiseks kasutas autor mehaanikainseneri käsiraamatut, mis on koostatud TalTech ülikooli poolt.
Töö hõlmas ka Koormusanalüüse. Koormusanalüüsis selgus, et vastavalt lähteandmetes välja toodud koormustele peab projekteeritud haagise raam vastu nii, et raamistruktuuri tekivad pinged ei ületa valitud voolepiiri kolmekordset varutegurit.The aim of the thesis was to design a frame for an O3 category trailer that meets the attachment requirements of the O3 trailer type. The design of the O3 trailer frame was carried out based on static load analysis within the scope of the thesis.
Autodesk Inventor was used as the environment for designing the O3 category trailer frame. The same environment was also used for conducting load analysis. Valid national laws were consulted for the study of legislation. In order to determine the various physical laws and forces acting on the trailer frame, the author referred to a mechanical engineering handbook compiled by TalTech University.
The work also included load analysis, which revealed that the designed trailer frame withstands the specified loads with stress levels not exceeding three times the selected safety factor
Formula student Fest18 uprights designing
No full textAntud lõputöös projekteeriti Formula Student klassi vormelautole FEST18 esi-ja tagakäänmikud. Käänmiku ülesandeks on ühendada ratas läbi õõtshoobade vormeli kerega. Samuti on käänmik ülekandekorpuseks, ning elektrimootor kinnitub käänmiku külge. Eesmärgiks seati projekteeida toimiv lahendus, mis oleks kergem kui eelneva aasta käänmikud ning peaksid vastu suurematele jõududele. Ühtlasi taheti lihtsustada ja kiirendada külgkalde seadistamisvõimalust. Esmalt kirjeldati Formula Student Team Tallinna poolt saadavaid lähteparameetreid ning ostutooteid mis peavad käänmikutega ühilduma. Selgitati mida peab ostutoodete puhul arvessevõtma käänmike projekteerimise käigus. Tootmismeetodiks valiti freesimine ning otsustati valmistada kõrgtugevast alumiiniumisulamist Alumec 89. Tootmisprotsessi silmas pidades asuti käänmike projekteerima raalprojekteerimis tarkvaras Catia V5. Kirjeldati uute lahenduste valikut ning nende vajalikkust. Uute lahendustena tuuakse välja ülemise õõtshoova kinnitus- , käänmike tagakaante kinnitus-, tagakaane tihendus- ja külgkalde reguleerimis plaatide disaini. Pidurisadulate kinnituskohad paigutati massikeskme alandamise eesmärgil nii madalale kui võimalik. Seejärel teostatakse käänmikele tugevusanalüüs LEM tarkvaraga Ansys R17.2. Kirjeldatakse käänmike analüüsi ülesehitamiseks vajaminevaid rajatingimusi ning analüüsitavaid olukordi. Lõpptulemusel eesmärgid täideti. Projekteeritud esikäänmiku kaal vähenes 0,039 kg ja tagakäänmiku oma 0.068 kg võrra, samas taludes suuremaid vedrustuse jõudusid. Rattakülgkalde reguleermine muutus mugavamaks ja kiiremaks. Antud vormelauto on läbinud esimesed testipäevad ning projekteeritud detailid on vastu pidanud. Kõik vedrustuse koostus olevad komponendid ühildusid projekteeritud käänmikega ning nende koostamisel ei esinenud probleeme. Autori arvates oleks võimalik käänmike kaalu alandada veel ülekandekorpuse arvelt, kui ülekannet optimeeritakse väiksemaks. Vedrustuse hoobade kinnituste arvelt seda teha ei oleks mõistlik, sest olulist kaaluvõitu sealt ei saavutataks.The following graduation thesis Formula Student FEST18 uprights designing target was to design uprights for Formula Student formulacar FEST18. Upright´s task is to connect wheel through the suspension link to the formula car´s body. Also the upright is drivetrain housing and electrical motor connects to it. The goal was to design a working solution that would be lighter than last year's uprights and would resist larger forces. At the same time, author wanted to simplify and speed up the camber adjustment. Firstly were described the design parameters and purchasing products, which must be compatible with the uprights. Explaind what purchasing products parameters should be taken in mind while designing uprights. Uprights were choosed to mill from high-strength aluminum alloy Alumec 89. The uprights were designed in Catia V5, in the view of the production process. The choice of new solutions and their necessity were described. New solutions are new upper suspension link monting, uprights backcovers mounting, backcovers sealing and camber plates desing. Brake calipers mountings were placed as low as possible to reduce center of gravity height. Then the strenght analyzes were done with the FEM software Ansys R17.2. Describes the basic structure of analyze and analyze situatsions for the uprights. The end result was fulfilled. The front upright´s weight dropped 0.039 kg and the rear upright´s 0.068 kg, while suppording the larger suspension forces. Camber adjustment went more comfortable and faster. The formula car has passed the first test days and all the designed items have hold on. All suspension components were compatible and didn´t face any problems while assembling them. In the author´s opinion, it would be possible to reduce upright weight from drivetrain housing if it would be more optimized. It would be not reasonable to reduce weight from the uprights suspension link mountings, since a significant weight loss would not be achieved there
Matching the VW DSG Transmission to Honda K24 Engine
No full textAntud lõputöö eesmärgiks on leida lahendus, kiirendus spordis kasutatavale sõidukiga, konstantselt vastavalt reeglitele kiireimat lubatud aega sõita. Lahenduseks leidis autor, et selleks kõige efektiivsem viis on paigaldada topeltsiduriga käigukast. Sõidukil olevale mootorile külge sobivat käigukasti ei ole saada või on väga kallis. Teise margi käigukasti sobitamiseks tuli projekteerida ja valmistada vahetükid, nii käigukastile kui hoorattale.
Kõigepealt tuli leida sobivaim lahendus kasutatavate detailide mõõdistamiseks. Valikus oli seda teha käsitsi, klassikalisi mõõteriistu kasutades, foto pealt mõõdistades kasutades pikslite suurust ja 3d skaneerimist. Valituks sai 3d skaneerimine, mis lihtsustab oluliselt mudeli üldise kuju loomist, kuid ei ole nii täpne avade paika saamiseks. Avad saab 3d skaneeritud mudeli pealt suurusjärku paika, kuid lõplik avade kaugus tsentrist tuli käsitsi mõõta ja joonisele märkida.
Selleks, et kindel olla modelleeritud detailide vastupidavuses, tehti põhjalik jõuanalüüs nendele. Autori üllatuseks mõjuvad jõud nendele detailidele on üpris väiksed, arvestades et kogu mootori pöördemoment kantakse nende kaudu edasi.
Kui arvutis 3d mudel on valminud, tuleb leida sobilik viis detailide tootmiseks. Mootori ja käigukasti vahetükki valmistamiseks oli võimalus kasutada laser-, vesilõikust või teha seada automatiseeritud frees pingis. Freesimine oleks andnud kõige parema täpsuse ja pinnaviimistluse, kuid ühe detaili valmistamiseks ettevõtet on keeruline leida ja üpris kulukas. Autor otsustas kasutada vesilõikust, mille lõikepinnad jäävad väiksema pinnakaredusega ja avad teha koordinaat puurpingis. Hooratta vahetüki valmistamiseks kasutati treimist ja avade puurimist, mis oli kõige kuluefektiivsem meetod.
Lõpuks sai võrreldud kas on mõistlik kasutada teise tootja käigukasti mootori küljes kui sellele on saada mootorispordiks mõeldud valmis lahendus. Antud mootorile on turul saada järjestik lülitusega sünkroniseerimata käigukast, mis annaks sarnase tulemuse DSG käigukastile, kuid selle hind on kordades kallim autori poolt välja pakutud lahendusest.
Ettenähtud ülesanne sai täidetud. Käigukast on mootori küljes ja paigaldatud ka sõiduki mootoriruumi. Tänaseks auto on sõitev, kuid kiirendusrajal testimata ja kas oodatud stabiilsus on saavutatud.The aim of this thesis is to find a solution for the acceleration of a vehicle used in sports to constantly drive the fastest allowed time according to the rules. As a solution, the author found that the most effective way to do this is to install a dual clutch gearbox. A gearbox suitable for the engine in the vehicle is not available or is very expensive. In order to fit the gearbox of another brand, spacers for both the gearbox and the flywheel had to be designed and manufactured.
First of all, it was necessary to find the most suitable solution for measuring the parts to be used. The choice was to do it manually using classic measuring tools, measuring from a photo using pixel size and 3d scanning. 3d scanning was chosen, which greatly simplifies the creation of the general shape of the model, but is not so accurate for finding the holes. The size of the holes can be determined from the 3d scanned model, but the final distance of the holes from the center had to be measured manually and marked on the drawing.
In order to be sure of the durability of the modeled parts, a comprehensive force analysis was performed on them. To the author's surprise, the forces acting on these parts are quite small considering that the entire engine torque is transmitted through them.
Once the 3D model is completed on the computer, a suitable way to produce the details must be found. There was a possibility to use laser water cutting or to set up an automated milling machine in the bench to make the engine and gearbox spacer. Milling would have given the best precision and surface finish, but it is difficult to find a company to manufacture one part and quite expensive. The author decided to use a water cutter, the cutting surfaces of which remain with a smaller surface roughness, and the holes are made in a coordinate drill press. The flywheel spacer was manufactured using turning and drilling holes, which was the most cost-effective method.
In the end, it was compared whether it is reasonable to use another manufacturer's gearbox on the engine if there is a ready-made solution designed for motor sports. For this engine, a non-synchronized gearbox with sequential switching is available on the market, which would give a similar result to the DSG gearbox, but its price is many times more expensive than the solution proposed by the author.
The assigned task was completed. The gearbox is attached to the engine and also installed in the engine compartment of the vehicle. To date, the car is driving but not tested on the acceleration track and whether the expected stability has been achieved
Tiki haagise aerodünaamiline analüüs
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks oli leida haagise juures elemendid, mis mõjutavad selle
aerodünaamilist efektiivsust. Selle tarbeks kasutati voolavusanalüüsi tarkvara Simscale. Seetõttu ei
tehtud lõputöö käigus päriselulisi katseid, kuna oli vaja leida elemendid, millega on mõtet hiljem
katseid sooritada.
Töö alguses seadis autor omale 4 põhilist hüpoteesi. Esimene hüpoteesi oli, et siledad haagise poordid
ja kinni kaetud põhi vähendavad autorongi õhutakistustegurit. Vooluanalüüside tulemused kinnitasid,
et siledad poordid ja sile põhi parandavad õhutakistustegurit vastavalt 5% ja 7%. Teiseks hüpoteesiks
oli, et lahtise kasti korral tekitab tagumine kinnine poord väga suuri keeriseid ning on õhuvoolu
sujuvusel suur takistus. Vooluanalüüside tulemusete kohaselt parandab kinni kaetud kabaruum
aerodünaamilist efektiivsust 10%. Kolmandaks hüpoteesiks oli, et hetkel Bestneti nomenklatuuris
olev plastkaane kuju on võimalik aerodünaamilise efektiivsuse eesmärgil optimeerida.
Optimeerimise käigus tehti kolm iteratsiooni, mille tulemuseks oli 17% parem õhutakistustegur.
Neljandaks hüpoteesiks oli, et lühendades haagise tiisli pikkust väheneb autorongi õhutakistustegur,
kuna alarõhutsoon haagise ja veduki vahel väheneb. Vooluanalüüsid kinnitasid ka seda hüpoteesi,
sest lühendades tiislit 400mm võrra vähenes õhutakitsustegur 10% võrra.
Lõputöös selgitati, miks on õhutakistusjõu vähendamine vajalik. Selgitati piirikihi mõju ja toodi
võrdlusesse eri kujude õhutakistustegurid. Antud töös kirjeldati, mis on aerodünaamika ja selle
alused. Selgitati nii turbulentse kui ka laminaarse voolamise olemust. Selgitati haagiste
tüübikinnitamist. Samuti tuuakse välja CFD tarkvara kasutamise alustõed. Sellest lähtuvalt kirjeldati
nii tuuletunneli kui ka võrgu (ing. mesh) vajalikkust.
Praktilises osas loodi mudelid, mille alusel hakati kontrollima hüpoteeside tõele vastamist. Loodi
mudelid, kus autorongi vedukiks oli ahmedi keha. Samuti loodi mudel tilgakujulisele haagisele.
Seejärel tehti igale mudelile CFD analüüs. Vooluanalüüsi tulemused koondati kokku tabelitesse ning
tehti nende põhjal hüpoteeside osas järeldusi. Arvutati, mis oleks sellise töö inseneri tunnihind, selgus
et 80 eurot tunnis on väga õiglane hind. Lõpuks arvutati energia kulu eri haagiste lahenduste korral,
selgus et reaalne võit eri lahenduste korral võib tähendada elektriauto korral kuni 35km suuremat ühe
laadimisega läbitud vahemaad.The aim of this thesis was to find the elements that affect the aerodynamic efficiency of a trailer.
Simscale flow analysis software was used for this purpose. Therefore, no real-life experiments were
performed during the graduation thesis, as it was necessary to find elements which makes sense to
perform the experiments later.
At the beginning of the work, the author set up 4 main hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that the
smooth sides of the trailer and the covered bottom reduce the aerodynamic draf of the vechicle and
trailer combination. The results of the flow analyzes confirmed that the smooth ports and smooth
bottom improve the drag coefficient by 5% and 7%, respectively. The second hypothesis was that
when the trailer box is open, the rear closed port causes very large vortices and is a major obstacle to
the smooth flow of air. According to the results of the flow analyzes, the covered trailer box improves
the aerodynamic efficiency by 10%. The third hypothesis was that the shape of the plastic cover
currently in the Bestnet nomenclature could be optimized for aerodynamic efficiency. During the
optimization, three iterations were performed, resulting in a 17% better drag coefficient. The fourth
hypothesis was that shortening the drawbar length of the trailer reduces the air resistance of the
vechicle and trailer combination as the negatiive air pressure zone between the trailer and the towing
vehicle decreases. Flow analyzes also confirmed this hypothesis, as shortening the drawbar by 400
mm reduced the drag coefficient by 10%.
The thesis explained why it is necessary to reduce the air resistance force. The effect of the boundary
layer was explained and the air resistance factors of different shapes were compared. This work
described what aerodynamics and its bases are. The nature of both turbulent and laminar flow was
explained. The type approval of trailers was clarified. The basics of using CFD software are also
outlined. Based on this, the need for both a wind tunnel and a mesh was described.
In practical part of the thesis, models were created to test the validity of the hypotheses. Models were
created in which the body of the car was Ahmed's body. A model for a teardrop-shaped trailer was
also created. CFD analysis was then performed on each model. The results of the flow analysis were
summarized in tables and conclusions were drawn based on them. The hourly rate of an engineer for
such work was calculated, it turned out that 80 euros per hour is a very fair price. Finally, the energy
consumption for the different trailer solutions was calculated, it turned out that a real gain with
different solutions could mean a distance of up to 35km per charge in the case of an electric car.
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The goals of the thesis were achieved, and the company was offered a solution in which the trailer
has a covered cargo area, a smooth bottom, smooth panels and the shortest possible drawbar. Next,
the company would need to design such a trailer, build a prototype, and then perform real-life tests
Foundations and Advances in Deep Learning
No full textDeep neural networks have become increasingly popular under the name of deep learning recently due to their success in challenging machine learning tasks. Although the popularity is mainly due to recent successes, the history of neural networks goes as far back as 1958 when Rosenblatt presented a perceptron learning algorithm. Since then, various kinds of artificial neural networks have been proposed. They include Hopfield networks, self-organizing maps, neural principal component analysis, Boltzmann machines, multi-layer perceptrons, radial-basis function networks, autoencoders, sigmoid belief networks, support vector machines and deep belief networks.
The first part of this thesis investigates shallow and deep neural networks in search of principles that explain why deep neural networks work so well across a range of applications. The thesis starts from some of the earlier ideas and models in the field of artificial neural networks and arrive at autoencoders and Boltzmann machines which are two most widely studied neural networks these days. The author thoroughly discusses how those various neural networks are related to each other and how the principles behind those networks form a foundation for autoencoders and Boltzmann machines.
The second part is the collection of the ten recent publications by the author. These publications mainly focus on learning and inference algorithms of Boltzmann machines and autoencoders. Especially, Boltzmann machines, which are known to be difficult to train, have been in the main focus. Throughout several publications the author and the co-authors have devised and proposed a new set of learning algorithms which includes the enhanced gradient, adaptive learning rate and parallel tempering. These algorithms are further applied to a restricted Boltzmann machine with Gaussian visible units.
In addition to these algorithms for restricted Boltzmann machines the author proposed a two-stage pretraining algorithm that initializes the parameters of a deep Boltzmann machine to match the variational posterior distribution of a similarly structured deep autoencoder. Finally, deep neural networks are applied to image denoising and speech recognition
The winter condition requirements for Estonia's state highways and the most effective de-icing method
No full textKäesoleva töö peamiseks eesmärgiks oli selgitada välja efektiivseim ja majanduslikult tarbekaim libedusetõrje viis. Samuti soovis töö autor tutvustada 2011. aastal uuendatud tee seisundinõudeid ja välja tuua kuidas mõjuvad need muutused teehooldajatele. Töö käigus koguti kirjandust, mis on seotud lume- ja libedusetõrje tehnikaga, meetotidega ning materjalidega. Samuti toodi töös välja muudatused, mis leidsid aset tee seisundinõuete muutmisel 2011. aastal. Antud töös lähtuti analüüsi tegemisel efektiivseima libedusetõrje viisi leidmiseks materjali ja meetodi tulemuslikkusest, mida hinnati tee haardeteguri mõõtmiste tulemustega. Samuti mängis rolli ka libedusetõrje viisi keskkonnasäästlikus ning tõrjeviisi maksumus. Töö põhineb AS Järva Teede omahindade alusel, mis tähendab, et hinnad võivad varieeruda erinevate teenusepakkujate vahel. Töö esimeses pooles väljatoodud teeseisundinõuete muutused mõjutavad ka talihoolet teostavaid ettevõtteid. Teeseisundi nõuete muutuste analüüsi tulemusena selgub, et tähelepanu on pööratud just raskete oludega olukorrale. Juhul kui hooldataval teel on rasked ilmastiku olud, mis kujutab endast lumepaksuse kriitilisele piirile lähenemist, tuleb teehooldajal kiiresti reageerida. Kui teehooldaja ei suuda oma jõududega toime tulla raskete olude ära hoidmisega, siis tulenevalt uutest nõuetest tuleb appi võtta kõik vahendid sealhulgas ka alltöövõtjad. Töös on võrreldud kahte libedusetõrjeks kasutatavat kloriidi, milleks on sool ja niisutatud sool. Mõõtes katsete käigus haardetegureid mõlema kloriidi puhul, siis tulemused tulid sarnased just haardeteguri poolest. Arvestades mõlema materjali kulumisnorme 1 km kohta ning mõlemad materjali omahinda, siis odavamaks kujunes niisutatud soola hind. Mis aga puutub mõlema materjali keskkonnasäästlikusse, siis mõlema materjali puhul on neist sama palju ohtu nii keskkonnale kui ka autodele korrosiooni poolelt. Autor on välja toonud mõned alternatiivid, mis võiksid parandada soolade mõju ja kujutada endast vähem ohtu keskkonnale. Väljatoodud lisand soolale nimega Safecote alandas soola külmumistemperatuuri ning andis ka häid tulemuse libeduse ennetamisel. Lisaks on Safecote´l korrosiooni aeglustavad omadused. Uurimuse tulemusena selgus, et Safecote Eesti tingimustes kasutada on äärmselt kallis. Kuna tegemist on suhkrutööstuse kõrvalsaadustega, siis Eestis oleks Safecote kasutamine võimalik sel juhul, kui Eestil oleks oma suhkrutööstus. Teede karestamise võrdlusesse valis töö autor tappteradega teehöövli ning jääpurustaja Raiko. Katse käigus mõõdeti enne ja pärast haardeteguri tulemusi mõlema masina puhul. Masinate töötulemused haardeteguri seisukohalt olid niivõrd sarnased, et efektiivseima välja selgitamisel tuleb tugineda hinnale. Nii höövli kui ka jääpurustaja jaoks sai välja arvutatud 1 km karestamise hind ning neid võrreldes on jääpurustaja Raiko üsna suure edumaaga ees. Lisaks on jääpurustaja kasuks see, et masin jõuab kiiremini objektidele kui seda teeb teehöövel. Jääpurustaja eelis on ka see, et seadeldisel on üsna vähe kuluosi, mis teeb ka pidamiskulud väiksemaks võrreldeks teehöövliga. Katsete ja analüüsi tulemusena leiab töö autor, et jääpurustaja Raiko kasutamine on efektiivsem just majanduslikust seisukohast kiiruse ja hinna tõttu. Antud töö tulemustest võib kasu olla erinevatele talihooldusega tegelevatele ettevõtetele, kes saavad saadud tulemuste abil kaaluda võimalust erienvate libedusetõrje alternatiividele. Töö autor on teadlik, et tulemused ei ole üldistatavad ning võivad oleneda nii ilmastikutingimustest kui ka erinevatest situatsioonidest.The principal objective of the current graduation thesis is to establish the most effective and economical method of de-icing. In addition to that, the thesis aims at introducing the renewed winter condition requirements for Estonian state highways. During the research, information was gathered about snow and de-icing techniques, methods and materials. Analysis was carried out based on the effectiveness of de-icing methods and materials which were evaluated based on the measurements of the road’s adhesion factor. A substantial factor in the evaluation was the environmental friendliness of de-icing methods. The Work is based on the price lists of Järva Teed Ltd., and the results could vary depending on the service provider due to the differences in prices. The first chapter introduces the changes in the winter condition requirements, which affect the companies that offer service for winter maintenance. The analysis of the new winter condition requirements shows that changes are made concerning difficult weather conditions. Fast reaction is required in case of difficult conditions when the thickness of snow approaches a critical point. If the maintenance service provider is not able to cope with the difficult conditions, additional measures, including hiring subcontractors, have to be deployed. In the current graduation thesis, two kinds of chlorides - salt and dampened salt – have been compared. The results of the tests carried out with both chlorides, showed similarities in their coefficient of friction. Taking into account the wear standards of both materials per 1 km, it becomes evident that it is more economical to use dampened salt. At the same time, considering the environmental friendliness, both substances are equally hazardous to the environment and cause cars to rust. The author of the current thesis has suggested alternatives to improve the effect of salts and reduce the impact on the environment. An additive called Safecote lowered the freezing point of salt and gave good results in preventing slipperiness. In addition to that, Safecote helps to reduce corrosion. The research revealed that it would be expensive to use Safecote in Estonian conditions. Due to the fact that Safecote is a by-product of sugar industry, using it would only be possible if there was sugar industry in Estonia. The author of the present graduation thesis chose the ice milling machine Raiko and a grader to compare road rougheners. Adhesion factors were measured before and after using the road rougheners. The results of both machines were so similar that only the cost of work determined the more beneficial one. Both the grader’s and ice milling machine’s costs of work on 1 km road section were calculated and the milling machine proved to be more economical. In addition to better price, it gets to the site faster and the fact that there are fewer components that could break makes Raiko less expensive to maintain. Based on the tests and analyses, the author of the thesis finds using the ice milling machine Raiko more effective. The current graduation thesis can be useful for companies that provide winter maintenance in order to decide upon the most suitable de-icing methods based on the test results. The author of the thesis acknowledges the fact that the results of the tests are not generalizable and can differ in dissimilar weather conditions
