1,720,964 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Satellite observations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide : from retrievals to emission estimates
Full text linkIn the last decades, measurements of atmospheric composition from satellites have become very important for scientific research as well as applications for monitoring and forecasting the state of the atmosphere. Instruments such as GOME-2, and OMI look at backscattered sunlight in nadir view, measuring the ultraviolet and visible spectrum in high resolution. Launched in a sun-synchronous orbit at ??800 km altitude, they scan the Earth’s surface daily in 14–15 orbits, providing a homogeneous dataset with (almost) daily global coverage. Combining the spectral measurements with radiative transport models, concentrations can be inferred for important trace gases such as ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Chemical transport models can be used to calculate the strength and location of the underlying emissions. Long time series of satellite retrievals give insight on how human activity contributes to changes of atmospheric composition, affecting health and climate. Information in the vertical distribution of ozone can be retrieved from the sharp decrease in the ozone absorption cross-section in the ultraviolet spectrum. Chapter 2 deals with the question how the performance of the ozone profile retrieval algorithm (OPERA) can be improved. To produce consistent global datasets, the algorithm needs to have good global performance, while short computation time facilitates the use of the algorithm in near real time applications. Because the retrieval is ill-posed (in the sense that many profiles give similar simulated spectra within the measurement errors), the solution depends on a priori (climatological) ozone profiles. The non-linearity of the problem asks for an iteration scheme to find the best fitting solution numerically. We use the convergence behaviour of the iteration as a diagnostic tool for the ozone profile retrievals from the GOME instrument for February and October 1998. In this way, we reveal several retrieval problems of different origin, and we improve issues related to the Southern Atlantic Anomaly, low cloud fractions e.g. above deserts, and ozone cross sections. The a priori ozone climatology and its associated variability is also an important source for retrieval problems. By using a priori ozone profiles that are selected on the expected total ozone column, retrieval problems due to anomalous ozone distributions (such as in the ozone hole) can be avoided. Applying the algorithm adaptations improve the convergence statistics considerably, not only increasing the number of successful retrievals, but also reducing the average computation time, due to less iteration steps per retrieval. For February 1998, non-convergence was brought down from 10.7% to 2.1%, while the mean number of iteration steps (which dominates the computational time) dropped 26% from 5.11 to 3.79. Total nitrogen dioxide columns can be retrieved from space in the 405–465 nm window, but the NO2 spectrum does not contain any significant height information. Instead, data assimilation techniques can be used to distinguish the tropospheric part from the stratospheric part, which gives valuable information of NO2 in the lowest part of the atmosphere. Here it acts as an air pollutant, often from man-made origin. The case study in Chapter 3 evaluates how NO2 air pollution can be controlled with air quality measures. Due to strong economic growth in the last decades, air pollution in large Chinese megacities has become a serious issue. In reparation for the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, extensive air quality measures were taken to improve air quality during the event, affecting traffic, industry and power production. We evaluate the effect of the air quality measures on reducing air pollution, by analysing the tropospheric NO2 retrievals over the greater Beijing area before, during and after the Olympic Games. To compensate for the strong variability due to meteorology, we compare the observations with model simulations from the regional chemistry transport model CHIMERE based on a pre-Olympic emission inventory. The relative change between observation and simulation shows that the measures caused a reduction of tropospheric NO2 column concentrations of approximately 60% above Beijing during the Olympic period. The air quality measures were especially effective in the Beijing area, but also noticeable in surrounding cities of Tianjin (30% reduction) and Shijiazhuang (20% reduction). In the months after the Olympic events, NOx emissions in Beijing show a slow recovery towards pre-Olympic levels. In a next step, we use the difference between NO2 observations and simulations to adjust the emission inventory used by the model. Emission inventories of air pollutants are crucial information for policy makers and form important input data for air quality models. Chapter 4 presents a new algorithm specifically designed to use daily satellite observations of column concentrations for fast updates of emission estimates of short-lived atmospheric constituents on a mesoscopic scale (??25??25 km2). The algorithm needs only one forward model run from a chemical transport model to calculate the sensitivity of concentration to emission, using trajectory analysis to account for transport away from the source. By using a Kalman filter in the inverse step, optimal use of the a priori knowledge and the newly observed data is made. We apply the algorithm for NOx emission estimates of East China, using the CHIMERE model on a 0.25 degree resolution together with tropospheric NO2 column retrievals of the OMI and GOME-2 satellite instruments. Closed loop tests show that the algorithm is capable of reproducing new emission scenarios. Applied with real satellite data, the algorithm is able to detect emerging sources (e.g. new power plants), and improves emission information for areas where proxy data are not or badly known (e.g. shipping emissions). It is shown that chemical transport model runs with the daily updated emission estimates provide better spatial and temporal agreement between observed and simulated NO2 concentrations, which facilitates an improved air quality forecast for East China. Monthly emission estimates give valuable insight in changing biogenic and anthropogenic activity. In Chapter 5, the emission estimation algorithm is used to construct a monthly NOx emission time series for 2007–2010 from tropospheric NO2 observations of GOME-2 over East Asia. Most Chinese provinces show a strong positive trend during this period, related to the country’s economic development. Negative emission trends are found in Japan and South Korea, which can be attributed to a combined effect of local environmental policy and global economic crises. The algorithm is also used to quantify the direct effect of regional NOx emissions on tropospheric NO2 concentrations elsewhere. Due to transport of air pollution, high NOx emissions not only affect local air quality, but also contribute significantly to tropospheric NO2 in remote downwind areas
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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