1,720,957 research outputs found
Il giudice costituzionale tedesco parla al futuro. La protezione del clima e la sua dimensione internazionale come limite alla discrezionalità legislativa
No full textDi fronte alla complessità della sentenza del 24 marzo 2021 con la quale il BVerfG
ha accolto quattro gruppi di ricorsi sulla legge federale sul clima (Klimaschutzgesetz), tre
sono gli aspetti che in questo contributo preme evidenziare: i) i profili inerenti ai diritti
delle generazioni future e agli obblighi costituzionali che ne conseguono; ii) i limiti alla
discrezionalità politica del legislatore dettati anche dai dati scientificamente rilevanti;
iii) la «speciale dimensione internazionale» che il Tribunale riconosce alla protezione del
clima sancita dall’art. 20a della Grundgesetz
Il libero mandato parlamentare attraverso il prisma della giurisprudenza costituzionale
No full textCon la sentenza 207/2021, la Corte costituzionale è tornata
a pronunciarsi sul principio del libero mandato parlamentare,
cogliendo l’occasione per ampliare le riflessioni svolte, seppure
solo in via embrionale, nella sentenza 14/1964. Con il tempo, infatti,
si è andato limando il contenuto dell’art. 67 della Costituzione,
che si è gradualmente arricchito di punti luce e sfumature.
Questo è quello che si evince dalla ricostruzione delle due pronunce,
che offrono un’utilissima cartina di tornasole dello stato
di salute di questo principio classico del costituzionalismo. Nella
lettura appare evidente, infatti, l’estensione delle garanzie offerte
dall’art. 67, che non si consumano più all’interno del solo rapporto
tra eletto ed elettore, ma anche tra eletto e partito politico,
e, infine, tra singolo rappresentante e gruppo parlamentare di
appartenenza. In secondo luogo, rileva che l’oggetto della tutela
del libero mandato parlamentare sia duplice e che ricomprenda
sia lo status sia le modalità attraverso cui il rappresentante svolge
il proprio mandato. Riflettere sulla giurisprudenza costituzionale
in materia rappresenta un momento per rinnovare l’importanza
di questo principio di derivazione liberale, ma che anche nella
Costituzione repubblicana trova un ruolo centrale, in quanto
cardine della rappresentanza politica e in quanto strumentale per
la democrazia rappresentativa. Proprio per questi motivi, il suo
potenziale, alla luce del contesto attuale, non si è ancora esaurito
Lavoro
No full textIn un volume di teoria costituzionale la questione del lavoro può essere affrontata in due modi: si può considerare l’impatto dei movimenti operai e del diritto del lavoro di alcune costituzioni nazionali, ovvero rilevare le implicazioni che alcuni sistemi del diritto del lavoro e i rapporti industriali hanno sulle costituzioni o ordinamenti nazionali. Oggigiorno osserviamo il progressivo e drammatico indebolirsi del diritto del lavoro e dei movimenti operai, che talvolta si trovano in conflitto diretto con principi e diritti costituzionalmente tutelati. Data la nostra attenzione alle costituzioni e alla teoria costituzionale, diventa fondamentale comprendere i diversi modi attraverso cui le costituzioni nazionali legittimano i governi o i corpi legislativi a rinunciare a porzioni della loro sovranità rispetto al diritto del lavoro e ai diritti dei lavoratori. Dovremmo considerare, poi, le conseguenze che possono derivare dal privare i lavoratori della possibilità di partecipare ai processi decisionali e soprattutto, alle decisioni che riguardano le condizioni del loro impiego
Constitutional Degradation in a Time of Coronavirus: Reflecting on Governmental Accountability in the United Kingdom and Italy
No full textThe pandemic acted as an accelerator of pre-existing trends that see an overall dominance of Governments over legislative bodies, which are increasingly struggling to oversee executive power. This was the case both in the UK and in Italy, where the governments adopted specific institutional arrangements to manage the health crisis which did not necessarily include a prior involvement of the legislative body. An overview of the legal framework and of the instruments that the two legal orders used to face the pandemic highlights a common trend, and that is the preference for executive law-making to manage emergencies. The way statutory instruments and statutory decrees are used respectively in the UK and in Italy are issues that pre-exist the pandemic, but an analysis of their use throughout the emergency particularly sheds light on specific structural weaknesses which are evident in both exceptional and normal times, and that relate to the two Parliaments' difficulties in keeping up with the executives' law-making activity. Considering that Parliament's inability to oversee Government gives rise to a series of problems which relate more generally to the institutional arrangement of a parliamentary democracy, it is necessary to reflect about Parliament's traditional functions and ask whether these are still adequate as the legal and political systems change. The oversight and steering functions still are one of the most fundamental and determining elements of a parliamentary form of government, but as the two experiences have showed, procedures need to be re-adapted as the Government has become the main legislative actor. For these reasons it is worth exploring post-legislative scrutiny as an instrument to hold the executive into account and to counterbalance its increasing monopoly of decision-making
Mandatory vaccination requirements and the Green Covid-19 certificate: a fundamental rights perspective in Italy REQUISITOS OBRIGATÓRIOS DE VACINAÇÃO E CERTIFICADO VERDE COVID-19: UMA PERSPECTIVA DE DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS NA ITÁLIA
Full text linkSince the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak in 2020, governments worldwide have resorted to various measures to manage and contain the spread of the virus. In Italy, for example, severe restrictions on freedom of movement were enforced from the very beginning, and they lasted until the vaccination campaign picked up in Spring 2021. At that point, the executive started to lift the most severe measures progressively, and, at the same time, it began to use other legal instruments. For instance, besides progressively enforcing a compulsory vaccination requirement for some categories of people only, the executive introduced a novelty in the Italian legal system: the Green Covid-19 Certificate (or "Green Pass"), which not only became a condition to access venues and make use of services, but it also became a condition for the enjoyment or exercise of fundamental rights, including the rights to education and work. The aim of this paper is to assess the Italian Government's decisions through the lenses of liberal democratic constitutionalism, reflecting upon the balance that was struck between public health and individual fundamental rights. This kind of assessment is especially important in times of emergency, as they are typically defined by fast-tracked and temporary decisions which may, nevertheless, "inadvertently" become embedded in the constitutional legal order. Indeed, a critical analysis of the compulsory vaccination and Green Pass requirements will let us reflect upon their implications for fundamental rights and the form of government, ultimately reinforcing our view that even though the mandatory health requirements that were enforced throughout the emergency may be justified on public health grounds, under a liberal democratic constitution characterized by a parliamentary form of government, a transparent, informed, and participatory, deliberative process where Parliament may effectively oversee the law-making powers exercised by Government should be guaranteed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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