1,450 research outputs found
O caráter social do crédito: microcrédito, combate à pobreza e desenvolvimento alternativo - a experiência brasileira e o caso da Portosol (1996-2002)
Get PDFTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política.Esta pesquisa analisa a expansão do microcrédito no Brasil na segunda metade dos anos 1990 a partir do estudo de caso da Instituição Comunitária de Crédito Portosol, de Porto Alegre. Situa o caso no contexto internacional e na história das experiências microfinanceiras pioneiras no país. Propõe a divisão das teorias sobre o microcrédito em dois paradigmas, liberal e emancipatório, em função de seus projetos de longo prazo quanto ao capitalismo. Apresenta a diversidade institucional das organizações que ofereciam microcrédito em 2002 no Brasil e discute sua relação com o Estado e a esfera pública não-estatal. Propõe e desenvolve uma metodologia de análise baseada em indicadores de desempenho operacional, de impacto econômico e impacto social e político. Conclui que a atuação da Portosol, apesar de socialmente relevante, resta inexplorada em sua potencialidade, diante da ausência de integração com políticas públicas de inclusão e fortalecimento das redes sociais e comunitárias, especialmente para os grupos sociais de baixa renda. O impacto econômico, sobre renda e geração de emprego, é marginal, mas positivo: a maior parte dos empreendimentos pesquisados não altera seu status original de atividades em nível de sobrevivência, de acumulação simples ou de ampliada, mas logra ampliar faturamento e, excepcionalmente, gera postos de trabalho. Apesar de não ter alcançado escala e, em função disso, auto-sustentabilidade, a Portosol estende a seus clientes as virtudes inerentes ao que designamos como caráter social do crédito: a possibilidade de ampliar suas redes sociais; incrementar a autoconfiança e a auto-estima; desenvolver projetos, aumentando sua intervenção no mundo como cidadãos. Nesse sentido, o microcrédito parece coerente com projetos emancipatórios, desde que cercado por iniciativas políticas que ampliem a organização dos empreendedores e estimulem ações comunitárias
New insights on the (non-)hardness of circuit minimization and related problems
No full textThe Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) and a related problem (MKTP) that deals with time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity are prominent candidates for NP-intermediate status. We show that, under very modest cryptographic assumptions (such as the existence of one-way functions), the problem of approximating the minimum circuit size (or time-b^ounded Kolmogorov complexity) within a factor of n^{1−o(1)} is indeed NPintermediate. To the best of our knowledge, these problems are the first natural NP-intermediate problems under the existence of an arbitrary one-way function. Our technique is quite general; we use it also to show that approximating the size of the largest clique in a graph within a factor of n^{1−o(1)} is also NP-intermediate unless NP ⊆ P/poly.
We also prove that MKTP is hard for the complexity class DET under non-uniform NC0 reductions. This
is surprising, since prior work on MCSP and MKTP had highlighted weaknesses of “local” reductions such as NC0 reductions . We exploit this local reduction to obtain several new consequences:
—MKTP is not in AC0[p].
—Circuit size lower bounds are equivalent to hardness of a relativized version MKTP^A of MKTP under a class of uniform AC0 reductions, for a significant class of sets A.
—Hardness of MCSP^A implies hardness of MKTP^A for a significant class of sets A. This is the first result directly relating the complexity of MCSP^A and MKTP^A, for any A.Peer reviewed© ACM, 2019. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in ACM Transactions on Computation Theory (TOCT), {Vol.11, Iss.4, (September 2019)} http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3349616
The non-hardness of approximating circuit size
No full textThe Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) has been the focus of intense study recently; MCSP is hard for SZK under rather powerful reductions, and is provably not hard under “local” reductions computable in TIME(n^0.49). The question of whether MCSP is NP-hard (or indeed, hard even for small subclasses of P) under some of the more familiar notions of reducibility (such as many-one or Turing reductions computable in polynomial time or in AC0) is closely related to many of the longstanding open questions in complexity theory.
All prior hardness results for MCSP hold also for computing somewhat weak approximations to the circuit complexity of a function. Some of these results were proved by exploiting a connection to a notion of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity (KT) and the corresponding decision problem (MKTP). More recently, a new approach for proving improved hardness results for MKTP was developed, but this approach establishes only hardness of extremely good approximations of the form 1+o(1), and these improved hardness results are not yet known to hold for MCSP. In particular, it is known that MKTP is hard for the complexity class DET under nonuniform AC0 many-one reductions, implying MKTP is not in AC0[p] for any prime p. It was still open if similar circuit lower bounds hold for MCSP. One possible avenue for proving a similar hardness result for MCSP would be to improve the hardness
of approximation for MKTP beyond 1 + o(1) to omega(1), as KT-complexity and circuit size are
polynomially-related. In this paper, we show that this approach cannot succeed.
More specifically, we prove that PARITY does not reduce to the problem of computing superlinear approximations to KT-complexity or circuit size via AC0-Turing reductions that make O(1) queries. This is significant, since approximating any set in P/poly AC0-reduces to just one query of a much worse approximation of circuit size or KT-complexity. For weaker approximations, we also prove non-hardness under more powerful reductions. Our non-hardness results are unconditional, in contrast to conditional results presented in [7] (for more powerful reductions, but for much worse approximations). This highlights obstacles that would have to be overcome by any proof that MKTP or MCSP is hard for NP under AC0 reductions. It may also be a step toward confirming a conjecture of Murray and Williams, that MCSP is not NP-complete under logtime-uniform AC0 many-one reductions.Peer reviewe
ERIC VOEGELIN E A DESAGRADÁVEL QUESTÃO: O DIREITO EXISTE?
Get PDFRESUMOObjetivo: O presente trabalho aborda o artigo “The nature of Law” do filósofo alemão Eric Voegelin, escrito originalmente como material de estudo para seus alunos de direito na Lousiana State University em 1957 e, posteriormente, publicado em forma editorial na reunião de trabalhos do autor em 1991. Tem por objetivo revitalizar a discussão sobre o tema do direito na obra do autor e revisitar as críticas feitas às teorias em voga na época.Metodologia: Analisaremos o artigo a partir do método dialético e a técnica de pesquisa será bibliográfica e documental.Contribuições: A análise de Voegelin aborda o direito sob uma perspectiva que se aproxima da metafísica, com o cuidado de não se distanciar do debate de sua época, em diálogo constante com as ideias em voga. A questão sobre a existência do direito, mais do que mera provocação, revela as fragilidades do positivismo de Kelsen. Ao final, é apresentada uma avaliação crítica das ideias apresentadas pelo autor.Palavras-chave: Eric Voegelin; Hans Kelsen; metafísica; teoria do direito; filosofia do direito.ABSTRACTObjective: The present work addresses the article "The nature of Law" by the German philosopher Eric Voegelin, originally written as study material for his law students at Louisiana State University in 1957 and later published in editorial form at the author's work meeting in 1991. It aims to revitalize the discussion about law in the author's work and revisit the criticisms made of the theories in vogue at the time.Methodology: We will analyze the article from the dialectical method and the research technique will be bibliographic and documental.Contributions: Voegelin's analysis approaches law from a perspective that approaches metaphysics, careful not to distance itself from the debate of its time, in constant dialogue with the ideas in vogue. The question of the existence of law, more than mere provocation, reveals the weaknesses of Kelsen's positivism. At the end, a critical evaluation of the ideas presented by the author is presented.Keywords: Eric Voegelin; Hans Kelsen; metaphysics; theory of law; philosophy of law.
New Insights on the (Non-)Hardness of Circuit Minimization and Related Problems
No full textThe Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) and a related problem (MKTP) that deals with time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity are prominent candidates for NP-intermediate status. We show that, under very modest cryptographic assumptions (such as the existence of one-way functions), the problem of approximating the minimum circuit size (or time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity) within a factor of n1−o(1) is indeed NP-intermediate. To the best of our knowledge, these problems are the first natural NP-intermediate problems under the existence of an arbitrary one-way function.
We also prove that MKTP is hard for the complexity class DET under non-uniform NC0 reductions.
This is surprising, since prior work on MCSP and MKTP had highlighted weaknesses of “local” reductions such as NC0-many-one reductions. We exploit this local reduction to obtain several new consequences:
* MKTP is not in AC0[p].
* Circuit size lower bounds are equivalent to hardness of a relativized version MKTPA of MKTP under a class of uniform AC0 reductions, for a large class of sets A.
* Hardness of MCSPA implies hardness of MKTPA for a wide class of sets A. This is the first result directly relating the complexity of MCSPA and MKTPA, for any A.Paper presented at the 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, August 21-25, 2017, Aalborg, Denmark. This is the Author’s Original, a longer and more complete version of the paper published in: Larsen, K.G., Bodlaender, H.L., & Raskin, J.-F. (Eds.). (2017). Proceedings from 42nd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2017). Dagstuhl, Germany: Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik. (Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)). DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2017.54.Peer reviewed
Width-parameterized SAT: time-space tradeoffs,
No full textAlekhnovich and Razborov (2002) presented an algorithm that solves SAT on instances ϕ of size n and tree-width TW(ϕ), using time and space bounded by 2O(TW(ϕ))nO(1). Although several follow-up works appeared over the last decade, the first open question of Alekhnovich and Razborov remained essentially unresolved: Can one check satisfiability of formulas with small tree-width in polynomial space and time as above? We essentially resolve this question, by (1) giving a polynomial space algorithm with a slightly worse run-time, (2) providing a complexity-theoretic characterization of bounded tree-width SAT, which strongly suggests that no polynomial-space algorithm can run significantly faster, and (3) presenting a spectrum of algorithms trading off time for space, between our PSPACE algorithm and the fastest known algorithm.
First, we give a simple algorithm that runs in polynomial space and achieves run-time 3TW(ϕ)lognnO(1), which approaches the run-time of Alekhnovich and Razborov (2002), but has an additional log n factor in the exponent. Then, we conjecture that this annoying log n factor is in general unavoidable.
Our negative results show our conjecture true if one believes a well-known complexity assumption, which is the SC ≠ NC conjecture and its scaled variants. Technically, we base our result on the following lemma. For arbitrary k, SAT of tree-width logkn is complete for the class of problems computed by circuits of logarithmic depth, semi-unbounded fan-in and size 2O(logkn) (SAC1 when k=1). Problems in this class can be solved simultaneously in time-space (2O(logk+1n),O(logk+1n)), and also in (2O(logkn), 2O(logkn)). Then, we show that our conjecture (for SAT instances with poly-log tree-width) is equivalent to the question of whether the small-space simulation of semi-unbounded circuit classes can be sped up without incurring a large space penalty. This is a recasting of the conjecture that SAC1 (and even its subclass NL) is not contained in SC.
Although we cannot hope for an improvement asymptotically in the exponent of time and space, we introduce a new algorithmic technique which trades constants in the exponents: for each ε with 0<ε<1, we give an algorithm in time-space
(31.441(1−ε)TW(ϕ)log|ϕ||ϕ|O(1),22εTW(ϕ)|ϕ|O(1)).
We systematically study the limitations of our technique for trading off time and space, and we show that our bounds are the best achievable using this technique.Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/Peer reviewe
Eric Millard's General Theory of Law
No full textTrata-se de uma resenha crítica da obra “Théorie générale du droit” de Eric Millard, publicada no ano de 2006 pela editora Dalloz, em Paris, e que teve duas únicas traduções, a primeira tradução foi para o italiano, no ano de 2009, a segunda, mais recente em 2016 em espanhol, porém, não há até o presente momento uma tradução em português, o que torna relevante a presente resenha descritiva, a fim de contribuir para futuros pesquisadores sobre a teoria do direito e suas adjacências. Destaca-se que, para o autor, o objeto da teoria geral do direito não é descortinar o direito em si, mas sim o discurso produzido sobre o direito, denominado dogmática ou doutrina jurídica.
Palavras-Chave: Eric Millard. Teoria Geral do Direito. Dogmática Jurídica.This is a critical review of Eric Millard's work "Théorie générale du droit," published in 2006 by Dalloz in Paris. It has only had two translations: the first into Italian in 2009, and the second, more recent, in Spanish in 2016. However, there is currently no Portuguese translation, making this descriptive review relevant to future researchers on legal theory and related fields. It is noteworthy that, for the author, the object of general legal theory is not to unveil the law itself, but rather the discourse produced about law, known as legal dogmatics or doctrine.
Keywords: Eric Millard. General Theory of Law. Legal Dogmatics
Eric Hobsbawm y su lectura marxista de la historia
Get PDFThis paper presents a brief survey of the contributions made by the historian Eric Hobsbawm to the field of History and his Marxist stance, both in his academic work and political practice. According to the author, the circumstances in which the researchers live are determinant to their study; hence this analysis includes a review of his biography. This perspective discusses his interpretation of Marx and Marxism, his understanding of History, his militancy in the Communist Party, his Jewish identity, and how he addresses nationalism in relation to the study of capitalism.En este ensayo se presenta un breve estudio de las aportaciones del historiador Eric Hobsbawm en el campo de la historia y de sus posturas marxistas; tanto en su trabajo académico como en su práctica política. El análisis incluye una revisión de su biografía ya que según el autor los investigadores y su manera de investigar responden a las circunstancias que les toca vivir. Desde esta perspectiva se aborda su interpretación de Marx
y del marxismo, su forma de entender la historia, su militancia en el Partido Comunista, su identidad judía y el tratamiento del nacionalismo en su relación con el estudio del capitalismo
The ecclesiastical abyss: religious masses and the work, analyses in Eric Voegelin and Eric Weil
No full textThis work proposes a dialogue between Eric Voegelin and Eric Weil, addressing the context of the Second World War and the Nazification process of Germany. Our trained authors present topics that are extremely current and relevant to the contemporary debate, that is, the relationship between Church and State. Eric Voegelin reflects in his lectures the support that Hitler received from the main Christian traditions in Germany, from Protestants and Catholics. It is observed that at the time, as Voegelin points out, there was a descent into the abyss of German society in all segments, even in the ecclesiastical context, considering that the German people were a parochial people. The same author points out how religious leaders used the Bible and tradition to support their political support for Hitler. In Eric Weil, it is about the attitude-category of the work, a manifestation of pure violence and how the man in the work presents himself, the one who intends nothing other than violence, to carry out the work. Such perspectives are related to the point of thinking about the current Brazilian context, how the religious and State spheres are closely related, where religious discourses in the Christian environment have perverse political ends. The paths and efforts to maintain democracy are also highlightedO presente trabalho propõe uma interlocução entre Eric Voegelin e Eric Weil, abordando o contexto da segunda guerra mundial e o processo de nazificação da Alemanha. Nos autores estudados apresenta-se temas extremamente atuais e relevantes para o debate contemporâneo, isto é, a relação da Igreja e Estado e o papel das massas. Eric Voegelin reflete em suas preleções o apoio que Hitler recebera das principais tradições cristãs na Alemanha, os protestantes e católicos. Observa-se que na ocasião, como aponta Voegelin, há uma descida ao abismo da sociedade alemã em todos os segmentos, até mesmo no contexto eclesiástico, considerando que o povo alemão era um povo paroquial. Aponta-se a partir do mesmo autor, como as lideranças religiosas se utilizavam da Bíblia e da tradição para respaldar seu apoio político a Hitler. Em Eric Weil, trata-se da categoria-atitude da obra, manifestação da pura violência e de como se apresenta o homem da obra, aquele cujas intenções não são outras, a não ser, violência, a realização da obra. Tais perspectivas se relacionam a ponto de pensar o contexto brasileiro atual, de como as esferas religiosas e de Estado se relacionam intimamente, onde os discursos religiosos no meio cristão possuem perversos fins políticos. Destaca-se também os caminhos e esforços para a manutenção da democraci
O “Social” Nos Percursos Teóricos E Historiográficos De Eric Hobsbawm / The “Social” In Theoretical And Historiographical Routes Of Eric Hobsbawm
No full textRESUMO Neste trabalho, pretendo analisar o “social” como objeto de reflexão historiográfica na obra de Eric Hobsbawm. Tomando como referência ensaios teóricos e livros escritos pelo autor, a ideia é discutir alguns pontos da abordagem historiográfica de Hobsbawm à luz das discussões com temas e interlocutores – partindo, portanto, de formulações teóricas para analisar algumas de suas implicações na própria prática historiográfica do autor. Propondo uma ampla abordagem histórica e historiográfica acerca do “social” (entendido por Hobsbawm como instância integradora de diversas esferas da existência – cultural, político, econômico), o historiador britânico estabelece uma reflexão histórica engajada em uma perspectiva processual-explicativa, lidando, a um só tempo, com a abertura interdisciplinar do campo (em diálogo com a sociologia, a demografia, a economia etc.) e com a proposição de questões teórico-metodológicas para a formulação de uma história social mais ampla, entendida como “história da sociedade”. Palavras-chave: Historiografia. Eric Hobsbawm. História social. Teoria social. ABSTRACT In this paper I intend to analyze the “social” as an object of historiographical reflection in the works of Eric Hobsbawm. Analysing theoretical essas and books writen by the author, this paper discusses some elements of Hobsbawm’s approach dealing with his main concepts and interlocutors in order to emphasize the implications of theoretical formulations to the historiographical practice. Hobsbawm proposes a wide historical and historiographical approach on “social”, understood as an integrated totality in relation of the others spheres of social existence like the social, the cultural and the politics. From this point of view, the British historian offers a historical reflection based on a processual/explanatory perspective, situating the study of social history in a dialogical perspective with the social sciences (specially sociology, economy and demography). Keywords: Historiography. Eric Hobsbawm. Social history. Social theory
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