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Information sociale et action collective
No full textLittle is known about the effect of social information on the ability of groups to overcome a collective action problem. By social information, we mean information about the actions of other group members and their effects. This thesis aims to shed new light on this subject. In the first chapter, we analyze the effect of different levels of information regarding subjects' actions, and different ways to deliver it, on the extraction of a common pool resource. In the second and third chapters, we analyze the effect of presenting the actions of other group members as generating positive or negative externalities on the group's ability to produce a public good. In these chapters, we replicate the frame of the voluntary contribution mechanism created by Andreoni (1995); and add peer pressure (Masclet et al., 2003) or peer punishment (Fehr & Gachter, 2000). Besides, throughout this thesis, we pay particular attention to how social information influences subjects' cooperation and still the way they react to the social information delivered. As a result, the taste for conformity is an important driver of group dynamics. Furthermore, the perception subjects have of others' actions can hinder their ability to converge on a high rate of contribution. We also observe different reactions to the information delivered depending on the subjects' social orientation (Murphy et al., 2011). The more individualistic tend to imitate the worst behaviors when they are displayed and seem more sensitive to the framing effect. These results invite us to take better account of social preferences in order to understand the effects of the dissemination of social information and, in particular, the impact of different feedback on the management of natural resources.Nous avons à ce jour peu de connaissances quant à l'effet de l'information sociale sur la capacité des groupes à surmonter un problème d'action collective. Par information sociale, nous entendons toute information qui concerne les actions des autres membres d’un groupe et leurs effets. Cette thèse vise à amener de nouveaux éléments sur ce sujet. Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons l'effet de l'accès à différents niveaux d'information sociale et des différentes façons de la fournir sur l'extraction d'une ressource commune. Dans les chapitres deux et trois, nous analysons la capacité du groupe à produire un bien public selon que les actions des autres membres du groupes soient présentées comme générant des externalités positives ou négatives. Dans ces chapitres, nous reproduisons le framing du mécanisme de contribution volontaire créé par Andreoni (1995) ; et ajoutons des mécanismes de pression par les pairs (Masclet et al., 2003) ou la punition (Fehr & Gachter, 2000). Dans l’ensemble de cette thèse, nous portons une attention particulière à la manière dont l'information sociale influence la coopération des sujets et plus encore la manière dont ils réagissent à l'information sociale délivrée. Il en résulte que le goût du conformisme est un moteur important de la dynamique de groupe. De plus, la perception que les sujets ont des actions des autres est un élément qui peut entraver leur capacité à converger vers un taux de contribution élevé. On observe également des réactions différentes à l'information délivrée selon les orientations sociales des sujets (Murphy et al., 2011). Les plus individualistes ont tendance à imiter les pires comportements lorsqu'ils sont affichés et semblent plus sensibles à l'effet du framing. Ces résultats nous invitent à mieux prendre en compte les préférences sociales afin de comprendre les effets de la diffusion d'informations sociales et, en particulier, l'impact des différents types de feedback sur la gestion des ressources naturelles
Does social information affect common pool management?
No full textInternational audienceAbstractThe management of a natural resource, more particularly a water resource, often refers to a problem of managing a common pool resource. In this context, Ostrom (1998) and Dietz et al. (2003) highlight the importance of disseminating information on the actions of co-users in order to facilitate its governance. However, several experiments show that, far from facilitating cooperation, the disclosure of social information can induce convergence towards average behavior which can accelerate resource predation. In this experiment, we seek to determine the effect of social information disclosure on the extraction of a common resource. We reproduce the experiment of Walker et al. (2000), and we test the effects of different levels of social information, i.e. information about co-users’ actions, (aggregated, individual) and different mechanisms for sharing it (compulsory, voluntary, or based on a majority vote) (Kreitmair, 2015). To determine if and how social preferences can induce different effects of social information disclosure on extraction dynamics, we produce on the one hand a theoretical framework, and on the other hand, we analyze what the actual extraction changes are by mobilizing learning analyses as described by Huck et al. (1999) and Bigoni and Suetens (2012). When we consider group extraction, it appears that the different treatments do not improve the management of the resource. All groups result in a level of extractions close to Nash’s equilibrium. The theoretical framework provides an element of explanation ; when subjects have preferences for reciprocity or compliance, social information may induce an increase of extractions. Learning models confirm this result ; the taste for conformity as well as an individualistic best response are important drivers of the extraction dynamics.Moreover, subjects with an individualistic or a competitive social orientation tend to imitate the most extractive behaviors when displayed. These findings tend to support the assumption that the dissemination of social information can aggravate the tragedy of the commons
Can we confirm the role of trust, ideology and risk perception in attitudes to vaccination? (ESS 10 and CRONOS 2 data)
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigates the determinants of public attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination by leveraging data from the European Social Survey (ESS Round 10) and the CRONOS 2 panel. Building on existing literature, it examines the role of trust (in scientists, citizens, and institutions), political ideology, sensitivity to conspiracy theories, and satisfaction with governmental pandemic management. The analysis further explores how social norms and individual risk perceptions influence vaccination attitudes and compliance with protective measures. Multivariate models confirm the significant impact of trust in scientists and conspiracy sensitivity. Additionally, CRONOS 2 data highlights the importance of perceived vulnerability and the influence of descriptive social norms. The study also finds a strong consistency in responses across different survey modes. These findings underscore the multifaceted and context-dependent nature of vaccine attitudes and demonstrate the value of probabilistic longitudinal panels in capturing them
Evolution of rural development strategies and policies: lessons from Thailand
Get PDFThis country case study has been financed by the OECD Development Centre, in partnership with Korean authorities, for the preparation of its Rural Development Policy in Perspective. Agriculture has played a critical role in Thai development trajectory and was for long a focus of government's efforts. It has supported industrial development through transfers of labour and capital, and with a downstream strategy promoting the transformation of products. It resulted in the emergence of national champions with large agro-businesses. The progressive integration of overall rural development objectives into the policy agenda occurred in parallel with an effective and continuous effort towards the improvement of living conditions in rural areas and human development. Thailand has a good record in terms of access to basic services due to a continuous investment in rural infrastructure (roads, water and electricity) education and health. However, rural–urban disparities, as well as lagging regions, remain a critical issue for the government. More has to be done than providing compensatory measures, and new, integrated and place-based strategies need to be designed in order to address the existing challenges related to mega-urbanisation, food safety issues and new consumers' requirements, climate change, and the degradation of the natural environment. The necessary policy shift raises the question of effective decentralisation and the need to strengthen local governments
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Can information on inequalities in contributions to climate change modify political support?
No full textInternational audienceOur way of living has led to an unequivocal increase in the earth's surface temperature of about 1.07°C (IPCC, 2021). Contributions to climate change are unequal; the wealthiest have significantly higher carbon footprint than the poorest (Chancel, 2022). In addition, climate change will also be a vector of inequality as the poorest will have more restricted capacity to adapt. To face this challenge, policies that promote profound change in our lifestyles and adaptations will be needed.In this article, we test the effect of a message that provides information on carbon emissions and the capacity to adapt depending on the wealth, on policies‘ support. To do so, we use an experiment in a probabilistic panel, CRONOS-2 French wave. We analyze the effect of providing information on the contributions of the 10% richest and 10% poorest emissions on the support for policies that promote i) the reduction of wealth and income differences, ii) an increase in the money dedicated to climate change, and iii) lastly a policy that will help the poorest to adapt. We make the hypothesis that making these aspects salient can increase policy support. We find that the message increases the support to help the poorest adapt to climate change
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