1,721,348 research outputs found
Supplemental Material - The Long-Run Effects of Communism and Transition to a Market System on Self-Employment: The Case of Germany
No full textSupplemental material for The Long-Run Effects of Communism and Transition to a Market System on Self-Employment: The Case of Germany by Michael Fritsch, Maria Greve, and Michael Wyrwich in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice</p
Measuring performance heterogeneity within groups: A two-dimensional approach
Full text linkWe introduce a new two-dimensional measure for the heterogeneity of performance within groups of economic units. This measure accounts both, for the relative performance of the single units of groups and their relative size. We demonstrate that the new measure leads to a much more differentiated description of heterogeneity than alternative measures, for example, the mean or range. In particular, we provide an example to demonstrate that the proposed measure of heterogeneity is relatively robust with regard to extreme values of units ("outliers") with a relatively small size. -- Wir stellen ein neues zweidimensionales Maß für die Heterogenität der Leis-tungsfähigkeit innerhalb von Gruppen ökonomischer Einheiten vor. Dieses Maß berücksichtigt neben der Leistungsfähigkeit auch die relative Größe der betreffen-den Einheiten. Wir zeigen, dass dieses neue Maß die Heterogenität innerhalb von Gruppen wesentlich differenzierter beschreibt als alternative Maße, wie etwa das arithmetische Mittel und die Spannweite. Anhand eines numerischen Beispiels kann gezeigt werden, dass unser Maß vergleichsweise robust gegenüber extremen Werten (Ausreißern) relativ kleiner Einheiten ist.Performance,heterogeneity,dispersion measures,Leistungsfähigkeit,Heterogenität,Streuungsmaße
The effect of new business formation on regional development - Empirical evidence, interpretation, and avenues for further research
Full text linkThis paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the effect of new business formation on regional development. After a brief sketch of the origins of research on this issue, the main results of different lines of inquiry are discussed. Main issues are the development of start-up cohorts, the relative magnitude of direct and indirect effects, and results by type of entry and by industry, as well as differences in the effects that have been found for different types of regions. After interpreting the results based on a common framework, I put forward a number of important questions for further research and draw some conclusions for entrepreneurship policy.Entrepreneurship, new business formation, employment, regional development
Contests for Cooperation: A New Approach in German Innovation Policy
Full text linkA new approach in German innovation policy organizes contests of proposals for developing innovation networks. Based on an overview of the different programs, we investigate the advantages, problems and limitations of such an approach. We find that this type of policy may have a relatively large impact and can, therefore, be regarded as a rather efficient instrument of innovation policy. Compared to conventional policies, administration of the program is a much more critical issue. The contest approach may stimulate learning effects on the side of the administration but may also require a high degree of flexibility. The main disadvantage is the additional time that is required for conducting the contest. As a distinct "picking the winner" approach, the contest approach is not suited as a means for achieving a leveling-out of regional welfare levels. -- In einem neuen Ansatz der deutschen Innovationspolitik werden Wettbewerbe für Vorschläge zur Entwicklung von Innovationsnetzwerken organisiert. Ausgehend von einem Überblick über diese Programme diskutieren wir Vorteile, Nachteile und Grenzen dieses Ansatzes. Es zeigt sich, dass diese Art der Innovationsförderung große Wirkungen erzeugen kann und daher vermutlich effizienter ist, als andere Typen von Programmen. Im Vergleich zu konventionellen Formen der Innovationsförderung ist allerdings die Administration des Programms sehr viel anspruchsvoller. Der Wettbewerbs-Ansatz kann Lerneffekte der Administration stimulieren aber auch ein relativ hohes Maß an Flexibilität erfordern. Der wesentliche Nachteil ist die zusätzliche Zeit, die für die Durchführung des Wettbewerbs benötigt wird. Da ein Wettbewerb ein ausgesprochenes ?Pick the Winner?-Vefahren darstellt, ist dieser Ansatz für eine ausgleichsorientierte Regionalpolitik kaum geeignet.Innovationspolitik,Wettbewerb zwischen Regionen,Innovationsnetzwerke,Innovation policy,regional competition,innovation networks
Could languages of the same language families reflect a similar culture?
Full text linkWhen learning two languages of the same language family, one will realize quickly that there are similarities. But how deep are language and culture related? For long time the hypothesis that languages are responsible for cultural development was held to be true, later the opposite was assumed, and today it is maybe somewhere in between. With the help of Geert Hofstede's dimensions, comparing cultures on a continuum of nonverbal aspects, a connection between linguistic and intercultural communication can be drawn, giving another view on the relation between languages and cultures --Culture,Language families,Intercultural Communication
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Impact of the War 1991: 1995 on the Croatian Economy: A Contribution to the Analysis of War Economies
Full text linkThe economics of the Croatian war differ considerably from what is often thought of as typical features of a war economy. Most strikingly, while wars are often perceived as generating a tendency towards repressed inflation and a command economy the Croatian economy actually moved in the opposite direction. Croatia "nevertheless" won the war. This has prompted some to think of the war as matter of minor relevance for Croatian economic development in the nineties. The paper argues that this view is mistaken. Croatia offers an opportunity to reconsider the macroeconomics of regional wars. This reconsideration demonstrates the power of the new classical framework. -- Die kroatische Volkswirtschaft brachte in den Kriegsjahren 1991 ? 1995 keineswegs die gemeinhin als typisch erachteten Eigenarten einer Kriegswirtschaft hervor. Weder kam es zu einer zurückgestauten Inflation noch zu einer Verstärkung befehlswirtschaftlicher Elemente, eher war das Gegenteil der Fall. ?Nichtsdestoweniger? gewann Kroatien den Krieg. Manche haben daraus geschlussfolgert, dass der Krieg für die kroatische Wirtschaft ein Ereignis von untergeordneter Bedeutung war. Diese These ist irrig. Kroatien bietet uns eine Gelegenheit, die ökonomische Analyse regionaler Kriege zu überdenken. Die neuklassische Makroökonomik erweist sich dabei als hilfreich.Wehrpflicht,totaler Krieg,Flüchtlinge,sozialistische Industrialisierung,Draft,total war,refugees,socialist industrialization
Exposures and exposure hedging in exchange rate risk management
Full text linkCorporations are affected by increasing volatilities on foreign exchange markets. A response to this development was the creation of financial instruments, so called derivatives, in order to protect corporations from the effects of flexible exchange rates. To understand the included risks and to take correct decisions it is necessary to get a fundamental insight into exchange rate risk management. First it is the aim of this paper to systemize the possibilities of determining exchange rate risk as well as objectives of exchange rate risk management. In the second part of the paper a model to determine the optimal hedge ratio in the case of hedging transaction risks with forwards is described. --Currency Risk,Transaction Risk,Currency Forwards,Optimal Hedging
New Firm Formation by Industry over Space and Time: A Multi-Level Analysis
Full text linkWir untersuchen den Einfluss von Branchenmerkmalen, Standort und Veränderungen im Zeitablauf auf Neugründungen von Betrieben mit einem Mehr- Ebenen-Ansatz. Die Analyse bezieht sich auf Westdeutschland im Zeitraum 1983- 1997. Innovationsaktivitäten und die Ausprägung des technologischen Regimes haben offenbar einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf Gründungsaktivitäten. Es bestehen erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen dem Industrie- und dem Dienstleistungssektor hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der verschiedenen Faktoren für das Gründungsgeschehen. Expandierende Nachfrage stimuliert Gründungsaktivitäten während sich ein hohes Niveau an regionaler Arbeitslosigkeit offenbar ungünstig auswirkt. We apply a multi-level approach to analyze simultaneously the effects of three groups of determinants on new firm formation: industry, location and change over time. The data is for West Germany and covers the 1983-97 period. Our analysis indicates that innovation activities and the technological regime play a significant role in new firm formation processes. There are some differences with regard to the impact of a number of variables on start-ups in manufacturing and the service sector. Changes in demand are conducive to new firm formation while a high level of unemployment in a region obviously creates a relatively uncomfortable environment for setting up new businesses.New firm formation, industrial economics, regional economics, entrepreneurship
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