1,721,014 research outputs found
Sottoprodotti dell'industria di trasformazione del pomodoro e tecnologie per la loro valorizzazione
Full text linkA livello mondiale l’Italia è il secondo produttore di pomodoro da industria dopo gli Stati Uniti, seguita dalla Cina. Questi tre paesi coprono circa il 60% della produzione totale a livello europeo, l'Italia risulta il primo produttore, seguito da Spagna, Turchia e Portogallo.Nell’ambito dell’area mediterranea, l’Italia svolge un ruolo di primaria importanza nella produzione di trasformati del pomodoro, con il 14% della produzione complessiva e il 48% di quella europea, con un fatturato di oltre 3,2 miliardi di €. La filiera nazionale del pomodoro da industria è organizzata in due Distretti, quello del nord e quellodel centro-sud, con Emilia-Romagna e Puglia che rappresentano le regioni con maggiore produzione. Sono stati analizzati i dati relativi alla superficie coltivata a pomodori da industria, alla produzione totale e a quella raccolta, i dati di import ed export e le varie fasi di trasformazione industriale per ottenere derivati, quali polpa, pelati, concentrati, pomodorini e sughi. Il processo di trasformazione del pomodoro, inevitabilmente, comporta degli sprechi di diversa origine, rappresentati dai pomodori non idonei alla trasformazione industriale, dall’acqua utilizzata nei processi di lavorazione e dagli scarti dovuti ai prodotti secondari (buccette, semi). E’ stato analizzato il recupero e il riuso di questi sottoprodotti, nell’ottica dell’economia circolare, ai fini della razionalizzazione dei costi del processo produttivo e dei costi per lo smaltimento degli scarti. Nel rapporto sono descritti e analizzati i processi di valorizzazione energetica dei sottoprodotti, quali la digestione anaerobica, la torrefazione e la cella microbica, in grado di produrre energia elettrica e termica da utilizzare nello stesso ciclo di trasformazione, ma da immettere anche in rete.Da buccette e semi si possono ottenere lacche ecologiche, utilizzate come rivestimento del packaging alimentare metallico, materiali biodegradabili (buste di plastica, teli per la copertura delle serre o dei campi), composti bioattivi antiossidanti (licopene e β-carotene), utilizzati come integratori alimentari, mangimi per zootecnia e compost. Infine, le acque reflue, attraverso un processo di separazione a membrana, possono essere filtrate e riutilizzate nel processo di lavorazione del pomodoro e per l’irrigazione della coltura stessa.Italy is second producer of tomatoes for industrial use in the world, behind USA and followed by China. All together they cover about 60% of total production. Italy is the leader in Europe, followed by Spain, Turkey and Portugal. In the Mediterranean area, Italy plays a major role for the tomato derivatives production, with 14% of the total production and 48% of the European one, with a invoiced of over 3.2 milliard €. The national supply chain of industrial tomato is organized in two Districts, the Northern and Central-South one, where Emilia-Romagna and Apulian are the Regions with the higher production. Data about cultivated area with tomatoes for industry (he), total production (ton) and harvested production (ton), import and export, the various phases of industrial transformation to obtain derivatives, such as tomato pulp, peeled tomatoes, tomato concentrates, cherry tomatoes, and sauces were analysed. The tomatoes transformation processes produce waste of different origin, such as unsuitable tomatoes for industrial processing, the water used in the line production and waste due to the secondary products (peel tomatoes, seed). The recovery and reuse of these by-products, considered in a concept of circular economy, were analysed. These allow to rationalize and manage costs for transformation processes and to contain these for disposal of waste. Specifically, same of the energetic valorisation processes of the by-products were described. The anaerobic digestion process, the roasting process and microbial cell to produce electric and thermic energy.This energy can be used in the same transformation cycle and also entered into power grid. Eco-paint, used as a coating for metallic food packaging, biodegradable materials, as plastic bags, sheets for covering greenhouses or fields, bioactive antioxidant compounds, such as lycopene and β-carotene, used as alimentary integrator, animal feed and compost can be obtained from tomatoes byproducts. The waste water, at least, by membrane separation process, can be filtered and re-used in the tomato industry and for irrigation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Perinatal and newborn care in a two years retrospective study in a first level peripheral hospital in Sicily (Italy)
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Two hundred seventy-five thousand maternal deaths, 2.7 million neonatal deaths, and 2.6 million stillbirths have been estimated in 2015 worldwide, almost all in low-income countries (LICs). Moreover, more than 20 million severe disabilities result from the complications of pregnancy, childbirth or its management each year. A significant decrease of mortality/morbidity rates could be achieved by providing effective perinatal and newborn care also in high-income countries (HICs), especially in peripheral hospitals and/or rural areas, where the number of childbirths per year is often under the minimal threshold recognized by the reference legislation. We report on a 2 years retrospective cohort study, conducted in a first level peripheral hospital in Cefalù, a small city in Sicily (Italy), to evaluate care provided and mortality/morbidity rates. The proposed goal is to improve the quality of care, and the services that peripheral centers can offer. METHODS: We collected data from maternity and neonatal records, over a 2-year period from January 2017 to December 2018. The informations analyzed were related to demographic features (age, ethnicity/origin area, residence, educational level, marital status), diagnosis at admission (attendance of birth training courses, parity, type of pregnancy, gestational age, fetal presentation), mode of delivery, obstetric complications, the weight of the newborns, their feeding and eventual transfer to II level hospitals, also through the Neonatal Emergency Transport Service, if the established criteria were present. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixteen women were included (age 18-48 years). 179 (22%) attended birth training courses. 763 (93%) were Italian, 53 foreign (7%). 175 (21%) came from outside the province of Palermo. Eight hundred ten were single pregnancies, 6 bigeminal; 783 were at term (96%), 33 preterm (4%, GA 30-41 WG); 434 vaginal deliveries (53%), 382 caesarean sections (47%). One maternal death and 28 (3%) obstetric complications occurred during the study period. The total number of children born to these women was 822, 3 of which stillbirths (3.6‰). 787 (96%) were born at term (>37WG), 35 preterm (4%), 31 of which late preterm. Twenty-one newborns (2.5%) were transferred to II level hospitals. Among them, 3 for moderate/severe prematurity, 18 for mild prematurity/other pathology. The outcome was favorable for all women (except 1 hysterectomy) and the newborns transferred, and no neonatal deaths occurred in the biennium under investigation. Of the remaining 798 newborns, 440 were breastfed at discharge (55%), 337 had a mixed feeding (breastfed/formula fed, 42%) and 21 were formula fed (3%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the minimal standard of adequate perinatal care in Italy is >500 childbirths/year, the aims of the Italian legislation concern the rationalization of birth centers as well as the structural, technological and organizational improvement of health facilities. Therefore, specific contexts and critical areas need to be identified and managed. Adequate resources and intervention strategies should be addressed not only to perinatal emergencies, but also to the management of mild prematurity/pathology, especially in vulnerable populations for social or orographic reasons. The increasing availability and spread of health care offers, even in HICs, cannot be separated from the goal of quality of care, which is an ethic and public health imperative
Protective Effect of Sildenafil against Estradiol-induced ROS production
No full textSeveral reports suggest that xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and its oxidase form (XO) play an important role in various forms of ischemic and vascular injuries. Recently we have demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) induces a significant decrease of the expression and activity of XDH and its conversion to XO in human mammary epithelial cells. E2 is known to induce upregulation of eNOS gene expression in aortic endothelial cells. In light of the ability of XO-derived O2• ̄ to combine with •NO to yield ONOO ̄, and considering that ONOO ̄ converts XDH to XO, it is important to protect tissues against the XO increased activity and ROS increased production, that would in turn react with •NO to augment ONOO ̄ production, thus creating a vicious cycle of oxidative stress. Our previous studies have indicated that sildenafil has a protective effect on human mammary epithelial cells as a consequence of the inhibition of XO and of the resulting decrease of free oxygen radical that may influence the expression of NADPH oxidase and PDE-5. We report that the contemporary inhibitory effect played by sildenafil on XO and PDE-5 is due to the structural modification induced by O2• ̄, which involves the release of a piperazine group able to inhibit XO
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