1,720,962 research outputs found
Logica hegeliana ed economia capitalistica. Il nesso Hegel-Marx tra ontologia e metodo
No full textHegelian Logic and Capitalist Economy: The Hegel-Marx Connection between Ontology and Method
In this article, the author proposes a re-examination of the Hegel-Marx connection,
with particular regard to the presence in Marx’s critique of political economy of
categories and structures drawn from Hegel’s logic. Through a discussion of the
so called “homology thesis” (the idea that the functioning of capital represents a
historical embodiment of Hegel’s idealistic logic, that is, of the domination of “pure
form” over the concrete), the Author maintains that the relation between Capital
and Hegelian logic should be reframed as follows. Firstly, he argues that Marx’s
critique shares the Hegelian aim of unravelling the quasi-natural activity of logical
categories. Secondly, he shows that Hegel’s “system of needs” displays a peculiar
relation between universality and particularity that corresponds to political economy
as an eminent example of “intellectual” science, while Marx’s notion of capital allows
the construction of the critique as a “philosophical science” in the Hegelian sense.
Thirdly, he maintains that interest-bearing capital is to be conceived of not only as the
highest point of reification, but also as the real starting point of the monetary circuit,
and that in this latter function it proves to be even more “Hegelian” than in the former.
As a result of this renewed interpretation, a more adequate picture of the complex
ontological and methodological relation between Hegel and Marx becomes possible
Analisi o dialettica? Una rilettura metodologica della «Einleitung» del 1857
No full textIn this article, the Author maintains that the 1857 Introduction should not be regarded as Marx's definitive coherent stance on method, but rather as a transitional text in which diverse and not necessarily compatible methodological options coexist. In the first paragraph, he examines the Marxian notion of "essential difference" and argues that, far from being the key notion, it only represents the first step in the internal development of the text. Moreover, it is maintained that the concept of "practically true abstraction" is to be acknowledged as a pivotal ontological structure of the capitalist mode of production, but it cannot be considered as a response to the methodological problems Marx sets out in the Introduction. In the second section, the Author focuses on the ambiguous and polysemous definition of the "abstract" and the "concrete", arguing that both an empiricist and a dialectical reading of their relation are possible. The third and the fourth sections contain a minute examination of Marx's account of the problem of the order of categories so as to demonstrate that, while the re-evaluation of Hegel's Logic is certainly the most influential motif in the Introduction, the theoretical result of the latter is irrevocably partial and not fully consistent
Contraddizione e conflitto nell'ipermodernità. Il perdurante dibattito sulle eredità hegeliane nella critica dell'economia politica
No full textThis article presents a synthetic overview of the most influential interpretations of the Hegel-Marx connection, particularly as to whether the Hegelian legacy in Marx's Capital is of a methodological or ontological kind. After a brief exposition of classical Marxist approaches to the problem, contemporary contributions are considered. The main focus is on Roberto Finelli's recent work, in which he proposes a peculiar deconstruction of fundamental categories, such as labor and contradiction
Inconscio e critica. Il mutamento di funzione della psicoanalisi nella Scuola di Francoforte
Full text linkLa ricerca indaga le forme e i percorsi dell’integrazione della psicoanalisi nella teoria sociale critica elaborata dalla “scuola” di Francoforte nelle sue diverse stagioni. Sebbene sussistano, tra i diversi autori considerati, differenze sostanziali nella concezione della teoria e del suo rapporto con la prassi, si riscontra cionondimeno una linea di continuità, incardinata nella comune esigenza di dotare l’analisi dei fenomeni politici e sociali di un’immagine teorica dell’attore sociale attenta alla sua costituzione psichica e ai rapporti tra dimensione cosciente e dimensione inconscia.
Il fallimento della rivoluzione in Occidente e la conseguente crisi prognostica e strategica del marxismo inducono Max Horkheimer a formulare un programma di ricerca sulle cause della disposizione alla subordinazione autoritaria nelle diverse classi sociali, e in particolare nella classe lavoratrice. Erich Fromm compie i passi più rilevanti in direzione di una sociopsicologia delle adesioni ideologiche e del comportamento politico delle classi, ricorrendo al concetto psicoanalitico di «carattere» e ipotizzando il «carattere sadomasochistico» come forma tipica dell’epoca borghese e in particolare della fase post-liberale di concentrazione monopolistica.
L’avvento del capitalismo monopolistico di Stato costringe tuttavia a rivedere l’impostazione iniziale, e a trarre anche sul piano psicologico le conseguenze della marginalizzazione dell’individuo come agente economico. Si fa strada, così, la tesi di una “crisi dell’individuo”, che si traduce in un aggiramento della famiglia come agenzia di mediazione tra individuo e società e dell’interiorizzazione come elemento necessario della socializzazione.
La Dialettica dell’illuminismo segna un significativo mutamento di paradigma, e avvia il tentativo di ricercare le origini della realtà politica contemporanea nella “preistoria” del processo di civilizzazione, attraverso un concetto allargato di Aufklärung. L’impiego del repertorio psicoanalitico passa dalla caratterologia all’idea della civiltà come rinuncia pulsionale.
In una ideale risposta all’opera di Horkheimer e Adorno, Marcuse tenta di storicizzare i connotati repressivi della civiltà umana, distinguendo la forma naturale del principio di realtà dalla forma storica del «principio di prestazione». Si profila, in tal modo, la possibilità di una civilizzazione “erotica”, improntata a criteri di «razionalità libidica».
L’opera di Habermas contesta l’intenzione totalizzante della «critica della ragione strumentale». La razionalità si articola in una pluralità di dimensioni, e la vita del genere umano in una pluralità di «interessi», tra i quali figura un interesse all’emancipazione e all’autoriflessione, di cui la psicoanalisi rappresenta l’esempio scientifico eminente. La psicoanalisi continua a occupare un ruolo di rilievo anche nella Teoria dell’agire comunicativo, nella quale figura come ausilio empirico di una rinnovata teoria critica del tardocapitalismo. La teoria dell’interiorizzazione assunta dalla prima generazione nel quadro della problematica dell’autorità è superata in direzione di una maggiore centralità del tema del narcisismo.
Axel Honneth prosegue e intensifica il dialogo tra Teoria critica e psicoanalisi, e in particolare con la teoria postfreudiana delle «relazioni oggettuali, invocate (assieme all’interazionismo simbolico) come base empirica della tesi di una genesi relazionale del Sé, dell’analisi della «grammatica dei conflitti sociali» e della condizione del soggetto nell’epoca “postmoderna” (interpretabili almeno in parte secondo schemi di simbiosi e de-fusione appresi nella prima infanzia)
Habermas, Honneth e il problema di una critica immanente del lavoro
No full textThis article ofers a critical reconstruction of Axel Honneth’s arguments for
an immanent critique of labour. After giving an outline of the signiicance, in regard to
Honneth’s social theory, of two crucial distinctions set forth by Jürgen Habermas (namely,
that between work and interaction and that between System and Lebenswelt), the
Author shows how Honneth’s conception has shifted from the initial search for a ‘critical
notion of labour’ focused on the characteristics of working activity to a critical view of
the division of labour that hinges on the normative claims that are deemed to be inherent
in modern labour market and that are conceived of as immanent and universal normative
criteria. In the inal section, the Author ofers some critical remarks on Honneth’s analysis
of the labour market and suggests that its normative criteria could prove to be neither
immanent, nor universal
Monadi sociali. La critica di Adorno alla 'revidierte Psychoanalyse'
No full textIn this article the Author deals with Adorno’s defence of ‘orthodox’ psychoanalysis
against the ‘sociological’ tendencies and the Ego-psychology. After a brief survey
of Horkheimer’s early interdisciplinary programme and of the role played in it by the notion
of authority, the Author shows how Adorno’s criticism of the sociological integration of
psychoanalysis depends on both methodological and normative reasons. From a methodological
standpoint, the perspective of an interaction between Self and society must be
replaced by a subjective structure that draws on the model of Leibniz’s monad. From a
normative point of view, revisionist psychoanalysis has an objectively conservative role, in
that it fosters the integration and the adaptation of the individual to the existing society,
rather than enlightening about the irrationality of the sacrifices society imposes on the
subject. In this framework, Freudian psychoanalysis still represents a doorway to the
pathologies of the «damaged life»
Dall'anima semovente al 'soggetto automatico'. Stratificazioni filosofiche nel concetto di 'capitale' e nell'analisi marxiana del sistema di macchine
No full textIn this paper the Author examines the philosophical implications of the Marxian analysis of the «automatic system of machinery». In the first part, he shows that the notion of «automaton» cannot be univocally assimilated to a passive and heteronomous kind of movement. In fact, it displays (both etymologically and conceptually) an affinity with the notion of «self-motion»: an «automaton» is something that finds within itself the sources and the principles of its movement. In the second part, the Author argues that Marx’s definition of «capital» as «automatic Subject» (Book I, chapter 4) should be grasped from the standpoint of this notion of «automaticity», which is also coherent with the Idealistic (Fichtean and Hegelian) account of the prerogatives of the «Subject». In the third part, he examines the chapter on «large-scale industry», in which the «automaton» (i.e. one of the shapes of capital as automatic Subject) proves to be the real «Subject» of capitalist production, through the subsumption and expropriation of the subjectivity (of the capacity of initiative, movement and control) of the human bearers of labour-power
Una modernità ambivalente. Horkheimer e la ristrutturazione della critica dell’epoca borghese
No full textIn this paper I will argue that the early “program” of Critical Theory revolves around the concept of a radical ambivalence of the Modern Age. Particularly in
Horkheimer’s essays, modernity is split into coexisting and contradictory drives towards liberty and authority, rationality and irrationality, knowledge and faith. Resolving such a tension would entail further rationalization, which the ruling class and its intellectuals prevent by clinging to positivistic or irrationalist justification of the status quo. I will maintain that, though rooted in Marx’s account of the interplay between productive forces and relations of production (and of capitalist development and crisis), Horkheimer’s theses on the limits of bourgeois rationalization diverge from the Marxian ones, inasmuch as they acknowledge significant changes in class consciousness in the era of State monopoly capitalism. Lastly, I will point out a major shift in Critical Theory, from the critique of modernity to a critique of civilization
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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