1,720,978 research outputs found
La participation électorale réelle et potentielle
No full textCertains auteurs considèrent la participation électorale comme un élément crucial pour le bon fonctionnement de la démocratie. Pour qu’un système politique soit légitime, il ne suffit pas que le principe du suffrage universel soit formellement reconnu (il constitue une condition nécessaire, mais pas suffisante), il faut également qu’un grand nombre de citoyens utilisent effectivement ce droit. Un Gouvernement élu par une petite fraction de la population ne peut jouir d’une grande légitimité démocratique. Outre un problème de légitimité, une faible participation électorale pose également la question de l’égalité politique. Dans la plupart des cas, les électeurs qui se rendent aux urnes dans les systèmes où le vote n’est pas obligatoire ne sont pas représentatifs de l’ensemble des citoyens. En effet, comme nous avons pu le montrer dans nos analyses bivariées, les électeurs qui déclarent vouloir continuer à s’exprimer dans l’isoloir si le vote n’était plus obligatoire sont, en moyenne mais de manière systé- matique, mieux instruits et plus aisés que ceux qui tiennent moins à faire valoir leur droit de vote. La non-participation électorale reflète ainsi une exclusion du système social au sens plus large, un isolement social qui provoque un manque d’intérêt pour la vie en société, y compris les affaires publiques, mais aussi une mauvaise compré- hension des enjeux qui ne fait que renforcer ce phénomène d’absentéisme électoral. La seule manière d’éliminer ce biais agissant au détriment des électeurs moins favorisés est d’atteindre des taux de participation très élevés, autour des 90 %, ce que permet une mesure – certes coercitive – comme le vote obligatoire. 23 Lijphart A., « Unequal Participation. Democracy. Unresolved Dilemma », in American Political Science Review, vol. 91, n°1, 1997, p. 1-14 ; Birch S., op. cit., 2009 ; Engelen B., « Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy », in Acta Politica, vol. 42, n°1, 2007, p. 23-39. L a pa rt ic i pat ion é lec t or a le rée l le et pot ent ie l le 7 5 Étant donné que les partis et leurs leaders ont tendance à ne s’occuper que des intérêts des gens qui votent et que la professionnalisation de la politique leur permet de mieux distinguer les caractéristiques de l’électorat « mobilisable » de celles de la partie de la population qui ne se rendra de toute façon pas aux urnes (les enquêtes de sociologie électorale constamment utilisées par les spin doctors, les « communicants » des élites politiques), il est probable que les dirigeants politiques manifestent moins d’empressement à s’occuper des problèmes des franges de la population qui ne s’expriment pas lors des élections. Des catégories déjà défavorisées et davantage dépendantes de l’intervention publique (les moins éduqués, les couches sociales les plus basses, les plus âgés), parce qu’elles seraient sous-représentées parmi les électeurs si le vote n’était plus obligatoire, risqueraient d’être encore plus négligées par des élites politiques tentées de cibler leurs programmes et actions sur les électeurs restants. La fracture entre dirigeants et dirigés n’en serait que plus grande et la cohé- sion sociale pourrait elle aussi s’en trouver endommagée. En conclusion, supprimer l’obligation de voter en Belgique ne serait ni sage ni opportun. De plus, une fois supprimé, il est peu probable qu’une marche arrière soit possible. Même si sa suppression révélait des effets négatifs non escomptés, il y a en effet peu de chances que le vote obligatoire soit réinstauré. Le risque de rendre les absentéistes irrécupérables en termes de participation est grand si le système rend acceptable ce comportement. Les analyses comparées concernant la culture politique (civique) des citoyens et l’observation du comportement de nos élites politiques indiquent que ce risque est encore plus important en Belgiqu
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Popular Candidates and/or Party Soldiers? The Interactive Effect of Candidates’ Vote-Earning Capacity and the Candidate-Party Congruence at the 2014 Belgium Elections
Get PDFPolitical parties need to act as unitary actors in parliaments to implement their policy goals. The literature has acknowledged that candidate selection process is one of the most powerful tools for a party to achieve and maintain internal cohesion within the parliamentary group. Political parties that do not win election cannot develop their policy goals though. Candidate selection processes present thus two – potentially conflicting – objectives: vote-seeking strategy (recruiting ‘popular candidates’) and policy-seeking strategy (enlisting ‘party soldiers’). The personalization of politics, where electoral campaigns are increasingly personal while eroding the role of issues and ideology in voting behaviour, enhances the tensions between parties’ vote-seeking and policy-seeking strategies. According to some scholars, the former even prevails over the other which causes critical consequences for the functioning of parties in legislature and the broader democratic political systems. However, in line with more recent development in the literature, we argue that personalization is not necessarily a zero-sum game: political parties can balance tickets using both strategies. In that configuration, one strategy interacts with the other, rather than prevail over the other. Using an innovative and consistent measurement of candidate-party congruence, we test this interaction on the recruitment of candidates at the 2014 Belgian elections. Overall, our results prove that vote-seeking strategy matters but heavily depends on policy-seeking strategy. It demonstrates that parties use both strategies as a trade-off to balance their lists, even though vote-seeking strategy ultimately prevails for a substantial number of candidates studied. The results call for a more positive normative account of the personalization thesis. The later has the potential to keep voters, candidates and parties connected in the representation process
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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