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Contribution in the investigation of stopping sight distance in 3-dimensional space
No full textThe issue of road safety assessment has always been the case in road design. Sight distance is a measurable parameter which can be a key criterion in road safety assessment considering the human factor. Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) adequacy, namely ensuring sufficient free length in the front view of the driver in order for him to be able to perceive and react to dangerous situations, is a basic requirement for the safety of traffic flow. The required SSD, which relates to the ability to bring the vehicle to a halt, depends on road geometry, the driver’s perception – reaction ability and the vehicle’s dynamic features, while it is the basis for selecting critical geometric parameters. The available SSD mainly depends on road environment and road geometry. Therefore, it is important that SSD adequacy investigation is performed across the entire road, in relation with the features of the road environment.The objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a methodology for SSD adequacy investigation, considering concurrently the factors which impact a road’s provided safety, namely the road geometry, the vehicle and the user – driver. The proposed methodology includes considering the involved parameters in three-dimensional space and the identification of areas where the sightline between the driver’s eyes and an obstacle is interrupted by an obstacle which is positioned in such way so that the road’s security is compromised. More specifically, the proposed methodology relates to the following:•As far as the road’s geometry is concerned, the influence of roadside features is investigated, in addition to the three-dimensional consideration of the design parameters.•Regarding the vehicle, the influence of its dynamic features during its movement along a curved path is taken into account and, therefore, a more accurate simulation of the braking process in a three-dimensional rolling surface is given, since this is related directly to the road’s geometry.•The presence of the user – driver is taken into account in the sense of the ability to perceive the alignment from the driving position, through the visualisation of the road and the surrounding environment.In the current design practice of assessing visibility conditions, the road’s geometry is not fully taken into account, given that consideration of the road environment is rather simplified and fragmentary, in a two-dimensional space. SSD adequacy investigation is mainly based on two-dimensional models, which means that check is performed independently on the horizontal alignment and the longitudinal profile. The models of assessing SSD adequacy and determining critical geometric quantities to be adopted in the design of horizontal alignment and longitudinal profile are similar and basically only differ in the selection of their parameters. Consequently, there are parameters which are not taken into consideration and their effect can be crucial in the safety provided.More specifically, during the assessment based on the horizontal alignment, critical parameters such as variable longitudinal slope due to the presence of a crest or sag curve, and the heights of the driver’s eyes and the obstacle are ignored. Similarly, assessment based on the longitudinal profile is performed assuming that the horizontal alignment is straight, which obviously applies to individual cases, while the influence of the transverse slope of the roadway is also important. Additionally, vehicles are regarded as material points without taking into account their dynamic features, thus the correlation of their parameters with road safety is empirical. Therefore, the proposals for ensuring SSD adequacy, through the selection of critical parameters for the combined design of horizontal and vertical geometry, are mainly given in the form of empirical recommendations, with insufficient scientific documentation.In addition, guidelines for road design provide mathematical formulae for calculating SSD in simple independent horizontal and vertical alignments, with the use of simplifying assumptions which, however, not fully correspond to reality, with chances of providing false results. For more complex cases, the use of graphical or three-dimensional methods is recommended, but no further description is given. Moreover, it is proposed that perspective images of the road can be created in certain positions and the need of three-dimensional analysis is emphasised.Therefore, the current two-dimensional design methods may overestimate or underestimate available sight distance, leading to unnecessary increase in costs or, even worse, to the existence of dangerous sections along a road. In such cases, the effects can be detrimental to the cost and efficiency of existing and planned roads, given that excessive modifications and/or areas with speed limits less than those truly required are rather inevitable, which may not meet the driver’s expectations and compromise design consistency.Given that SSD adequacy is of fundamental importance for the safety of any road, extensive research has been carried out, in determining both the required and available SSD. The proposed methods for determining sight distance can be divided into two-dimensional (separate analysis of horizontal and vertical alignment) and three-dimensional (road is considered directly in space), as well as into graphical and analytical. As far as two-dimensional approach is concerned, methods aiming at a more precise approach of SSD assessment, in comparison with the existing road design guidelines, have been published. Furthermore, various three-dimensional methods have been developed for SSD adequacy investigation, which take into account the interaction of the elements of horizontal and vertical geometry, as well as the road environment, and thus allow for a more realistic and accurate analysis. According to the two-dimensional method, the available SSD is calculated by considering exclusively either the horizontal alignment or the longitudinal profile. The problem arising in cases of independent consideration of either the horizontal or the vertical profile, is the possible inaccuracy of the results of calculation, since the interaction between profiles is not taken into account in the driver’s perception of the road environment, especially in cases of simultaneous existence of curvature. An improvement to this approach is SSD calculation on both profiles and the adoption of the minimum value in each position of the road, as a conservative estimate. However, the results are still approximate. Therefore, two-dimensional design can overestimate or underestimate SSD available, with negative effects on the economy and, especially, on the safety of the road.As far as three-dimensional graphical methods are concerned, they represent an alternative way for SSD analysis and allow for a correct approach to the SSD problem. However, graphical methods prove to be time consuming, since they do not offer an automation of visibility analysis and, hence, they are not considered effective if used in large scale road projects.Therefore, it is obvious that three-dimensional analysis, with the use of analytical models, allows for the most appropriate approach to the issue of visibility, where the road is considered as a single entity in space, so that all of its features can be simultaneously taken into account. Additionally, the creation of perspective images from the driver’s position, along the road, is a useful tool for checking the alignment’s quality and for detecting problematic sections in terms of visibility.The proposed three-dimensional methods of SSD assessment allow for an accurate simulation of a compound road environment and, hence, the accurate determination of the driver’s actual field of vision. However, most of these studies focus on the optimisation of the available SSD either by introducing new algorithms or by proposing certain combinations of design parameters, ignoring in many cases some of the elements of the road and its environment, which significantly affect visibility levels. Furthermore, none of these approaches has suggested a comprehensive methodology to concurrently simulate from a three-dimensional perspective both the cross-section elements and the vehicle dynamics in space during emergency braking conditions. Finally, another key deficiency of the related three-dimensional methods is the lack of analysis of the design elements limiting the available SSD in each case, which would allow the designer to immediately perform the necessary adjustments to further improve the end result of the alignment.The proposed three-dimensional analytical method has been developed in order to create a comprehensive visibility analysis tool, which will provide fast and accurate results, minimising the deficiencies identified both in relevant methods and in current practice. This method is incorporated in the “H12” road design software, which, similarly, has been developed by the author of the present Doctoral Thesis and provides the ability to perform all tasks related to the geometric design of a road. The proposed methodology is summarised as follows:•A three-dimensional model of the road and the roadside area is created. With the use of “roadlines” it is possible for the driver’s eye and the obstacle to be placed laterally and at any distance from the road axis, as well as for visibility levels to be specified, due to the existence of road components and equipment, which constitute potential sight obstacles. Next, a total number of road cross-sections is produced, depending on the calculations step which is defined. With the use of triangulation method, a network of triangles is created among the cross-sections, representing the road and formations surfaces, as well as the Digital Terrain Model of the area. The final road and roadside model is derived by the superimposition of the road model to the terrain model.•Demanded SSD is specified. Demanded SSD calculation is based on an improved approach to the current practice, where both horizontal and vertical curvature are considered, by the inclusion of the influence of transversal and longitudinal friction, as well as the variable inclination along crest and sag curves.•Available SSD is specified. Available SSD calculation is based on the identification of potential points of intersection between the sightlines amid the driver’s eye and the obstacle, and the triangles representing road and roadside surfaces. The equations of triangles and sightlines, as well as their points of intersection, are determined using analytical geometry.•SSD adequacy assessment is performed through an iterative algorithm, so as to identify areas along the road where sightlines are interrupted by an obstacle and their length is less than the required SSD. The precision of calculations depends on the calculations step, namely the distance between two consecutive points along the road under consideration.•The results of analysis are exported in the form of diagrams displaying available and required SSD, namely:Demanded SSD diagram.Available SSD diagram, as it has been calculated using the three-dimensional analytical method.Available SSD diagram, as it has been calculated based on the longitudinal profile of the road (two-dimensional method).Three-dimensional extension of the visibility diagram, through which the visibility conditions on the remaining part of the road are described, for each point of the road.•Perspective images from the driver’s position are created, along the road, according to the parameters entered.With the use of the H12 software, the proposed methodology is applied to two examples of SSD analysis, in order, firstly, to examine to what extent the use of marginal proposed values of design parameters, according to road design guidelines, provides SSD adequacy and, secondly, to compare the corresponding results obtained by applying the two-dimensional method (where only longitudinal profile is taken into account) and the proposed three-dimensional analytical method. Two theoretical alignments are considered, with different typical cross-sections, whose horizontal alignment and longitudinal profile are of the same form, so that every possible combination of simultaneous curvature appears. Marginally allowable values of the design parameters are used, according to the Greek and German road design guidelines.The study of visibility diagrams shows that, in divided roads, the results of the two alternative methods vary greatly, although it is shown via both of them that the available SSD is significantly restricted in areas with crest vertical curves. In undivided roads, the corresponding results are similar in cases of crest vertical curves, where it is shown that available SSD is significantly restricted, and differ in cases of sag vertical curves, where, according to the three-dimensional method, available SSD is significantly restricted.These results confirm the conclusions of similar researches, namely that the two-dimensional method may lead to incorrect results concerning the available SSD. This method is not entirely reliable, given that, on the one hand, the horizontal alignment is considered straight and, on the other hand, only the road axis is considered and therefore cross-sectional elements are not taken into account, although they greatly affect visibility conditions. As far as road safety in relation to the available SSD is concerned, it is concluded that design using marginal values of the alignment parameters, as they are given in road design guidelines, entails the existence of inadequate SSD.The key factors that may reduce or even lead to insufficient available SSD are the following: •The median safety barrier, in cases of motorways, in left-turn horizontal curves overlapped with crest vertical curves, especially in the overtaking (inner) lane. Restriction of the available SSD is caused due to the short lateral distance of the driver from the safety barrier, combined with the form of the alignment. Similarly, SSD shortage may occur in case of a tunnel, where the lateral distance of the driver from the sidewall is about the same as the corresponding distance from the median safety barrier.•The traffic barrier on either side of the road and the cut slopes, mainly in cases of undivided roads with one travelling lane per direction. The problem becomes more pronounced as the lateral distance between the driver and the side obstacle is reduced, therefore more critical are the cases of roads with smaller widths of traffic areas and even more in cases of right-turn horizontal curves overlapped with crest vertical curves.•The width of outer shoulder in cases of cut slopes. It is obvious that the problem intensifies in cases of small width shoulders (mainly on existing roads), vertical walls in areas of technical works etc.The proposed methodology constitutes a comprehensive approach to simulate simultaneously both the cross-section elements and the dynamics of vehicle movement during emergency braking situations, taking into account the elements of the road and its environment that affect visibility levels. The approach of SSD problem is made in the three-dimensional space, in the sense that both the road and its environment are treated as a whole, as opposed to the usual practice of SSD analysis. The main advantages of the proposed methodology include:•The procedure of entering the required parameters and creating the three-dimensional road and roadside model is simple, fast and reliable, giving the designer the possibility to explore the influence of a large number of factors involved in SSD assessment.•All the road elements and features are represented in a realistic way.•The proposed approach for determining the available SSD, through analytical equations, is flexible and efficient.•It is indicated, at each position along the road, the cause that leads to restricted or insufficient SSD, therefore corrective adjustments can be immediately made by the designer.•The three-dimensional extension of the visibility diagram provides the possibility to evaluate, in every position, the road length in front of the driver that is visible and the SSD deficiency, as well as the cause of SSD restriction in positions where SSD is insufficient.•With the use of perspective images created along the road, the quality check of the three-dimensional alignment can be carried out and also SSD assessment can be performed directly, without the use of visibility diagrams.This methodology can be applied to any road environment in which SSD assessment is required, while its accuracy is variable and is selected by the designer, depending on the importance and the design stage of the road under consideration.Στόχος της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη μεθόδου διερεύνησης της επάρκειας του Μήκους Ορατότητας για Στάση (ΜΟΣ), με ταυτόχρονη θεώρηση των παραγόντων επιρροής της παρεχόμενης ασφάλειας μιας οδού, δηλαδή των στοιχείων του γεωμετρικού σχεδιασμού της, του οχήματος και του χρήστη – οδηγού, στο πλαίσιο αξιολόγησης της παρεχόμενης ασφάλειας μιας οδού με βάση τον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα. Είναι γεγονός ότι, τόσο κατά την υφιστάμενη πρακτική αξιολόγησης της ορατότητας, όσο και σε αρκετές σχετικές έρευνες, η γεωμετρία της οδού δεν λαμβάνεται πλήρως υπόψη, δεδομένης της απλοποιημένης και αποσπασματικής θεώρησης του οδικού περιβάλλοντος σε δισδιάστατο χώρο. Ως εκ τούτου, οι υφιστάμενες δισδιάστατες μέθοδοι σχεδιασμού, ενδέχεται να υπερεκτιμήσουν ή να υποτιμήσουν τα διαθέσιμα μήκη ορατότητας, οδηγώντας σε αδικαιολόγητη αύξηση του κόστους ή/και του βαθμού επικινδυνότητας της οδού.Επομένως, η ορθότερη αντιμετώπιση του ζητήματος της επάρκειας ορατότητας αποτελεί η μεθόδευσή της μέσω της τρισδιάστατης μελέτης, με χρήση αναλυτικών προτύπων, έτσι ώστε να λαμβάνονται ταυτόχρονα υπόψη όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά της οδού και του περιβάλλοντός της. Επιπλέον, η δημιουργία προοπτικών εικόνων από τη θέση του οδηγού κατά μήκος της οδού αποτελεί χρήσιμο εργαλείο για τον εντοπισμό προβληματικών από άποψη ορατότητας τμημάτων. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, έχουν αναπτυχθεί τρισδιάστατες μέθοδοι, οι οποίες επιτρέπουν τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό του πραγματικού πεδίου όρασης του οδηγού. Ωστόσο, σε καμία από αυτές τις προσεγγίσεις δεν περιλαμβάνεται μια ολοκληρωμένη μέθοδος για την προσομοίωση ταυτόχρονα τόσο των στοιχείων της διατομής, όσο και της δυναμικής της κίνησης των οχημάτων κατά τη διάρκεια έκτακτων καταστάσεων πέδησης. Η προτεινόμενη τρισδιάστατη αναλυτική μέθοδος αναπτύχθηκε με στόχο τη δημιουργία ενός ολοκληρωμένου εργαλείου ανάλυσης της ορατότητας. Για τις ανάγκες της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής, η υπόψη μέθοδος ενσωματώθηκε και αποτελεί μέρος του λογισμικού οδοποιίας «Η12», το οποίο έχει αναπτυχθεί από τον συγγραφέα της Διδακτορικής Διατριβής, και συνοψίζεται στα εξής στάδια:•Δημιουργία του τρισδιάστατου προσομοιώματος της οδού και του παρόδιου χώρου, με χρήση της μεθόδου του τριγωνισμού.•Προσδιορισμός του απαιτούμενου ΜΟΣ, με βάση βελτιωμένη προσέγγιση της υφιστάμενης πρακτικής, όπου λαμβάνεται υπόψη η επιρροή της πραγματικής κλίσης στη μηκοτομή καθώς και τα δυναμικά χαρακτηριστικά του οχήματος κατά την κίνησή του σε οριζόντια καμπύλη.•Προσδιορισμός του διατιθέμενου ΜΟΣ, μέσω του προσδιορισμού των (πιθανών) σημείων τομής των γραμμών όρασης μεταξύ οφθαλμού οδηγού – εμποδίου, και των τριγώνων που αναπαριστούν την επιφάνεια της οδού και του παρόδιου χώρου, με χρήση αναλυτικών σχέσεων.•Αξιολόγηση επάρκειας ΜΟΣ μέσω επαναληπτικού αλγορίθμου, με βάση τη διαφορά του απαιτούμενου από το διατιθέμενο ΜΟΣ ώστε είναι εφικτός ο προσδιορισμός περιοχών κατά μήκος της οδού όπου οι γραμμές όρασης μεταξύ οφθαλμού οδηγού – εμποδίου διακόπτονται από κάποιο εμπόδιο.•Εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων της ανάλυσης με τη μορφή διαγραμμάτων απεικόνισης μεταξύ του απαιτούμενου και διατιθέμενου ΜΟΣ. Συγκεκριμένα, παράγονται τα διαγράμματα αντιστοίχησης μεταξύ απαιτούμενου και διατιθέμενου ΜΟΣ, καθώς και η τρισδιάστατη επέκταση του διαγράμματος ορατότητας, μέσω της οποίας περιγράφονται, για κάθε σημείο της οδού, οι συνθήκες ορατότητας στο υπολειπόμενο τμήμα της.•Δημιουργία προοπτικών εικόνων από τη θέση του οδηγού, κατά μήκος της υπό αξιολόγηση οδού.Με χρήση του λογισμικού Η12, η προτεινόμενη τρισδιάστατη μέθοδος εφαρμόζεται σε δύο περιπτώσεις – παραδείγματα, με στόχο τη συσχέτιση των αποτελεσμάτων με την αντίστοιχη δισδιάστατη προσέγγιση η οποία βασίζεται στη μηκοτομή της οδού. Επίσης, διερευνάται κατά πόσο η επιρροή βασικών γεωμετρικών παραμέτρων δύναται να επιβάλει δεσμεύσεις στο ΜΟΣ, ώστε αυτές να λαμβάνονται υπόψη κατά τον σχεδιασμό.Από την παραπάνω συσχέτιση, προκύπτει ότι τα αποτελέσματα των δύο αυτών προσεγγίσεων, διαφέρουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό και επιβεβαιώνεται ότι η δισδιάστατη θεώρηση δύναται να οδηγήσει σε εσφαλμένα αποτελέσματα αναφορικά με το διατιθέμενο ΜΟΣ. Επιπλέον, τεκμηριώνεται το γεγονός ότι ο σχεδιασμός οδών με χρήση οριακών τιμών στις παραμέτρους χάραξης, όπως αυτές δίδονται στις οδηγίες σχεδιασμού οδών, έχει ως συνέπεια την ύπαρξη ανεπαρκών μηκών ορατότητας. Καθοριστικούς παράγοντες για τον περιορισμό του ΜΟΣ αποτελούν το κεντρικό (σε διαχωρισμένο οδόστρωμα) και τα πλευρικά στηθαία ασφαλείας, τα τοιχία σηράγγων, τα πρανή της οδού σε όρυγμα, καθώς και το πλάτος του μη σταθεροποιημένου ερείσματος σε όρυγμα. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος αποτελεί μια ολοκληρωμένη προσέγγιση στη διερεύνηση της επάρκειας ορατότητας, καθώς κατά τη διαδικασία πέδησης είναι δυνατή η ταυτόχρονη προσομοίωση τόσο των στοιχείων της διατομής, όσο και της δυναμικής της κίνησης των οχημάτων. Επιπλέον, παρέχεται η δυνατότητα παραμετρικής εισαγωγής των στοιχείων της οδού και του περιβάλλοντος οδικού χώρου και, ως εκ τούτου, η αξιολόγηση των επιπέδων ορατότητας σε οποιοδήποτε οδικό περιβάλ
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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