1,721,146 research outputs found
SME Brand Management: Strategic and Operational Perspectives
No full textCorporate brands are widely accepted as valuable intangible assets of organisations, which require competent management to create and safeguard their equity. There is a large body of corporate branding literature, which is fragmented along several disciplinary domains and biased towards large organisations. While the economic contribution of the small-to-medium enterprise (SME) sector in both emerging and developed economies is recognised, corporate branding research has neglected this sector. SME corporate brand management research could enhance the economic efficiency of the sector. However, SME branding research is still in an emergent phase and in need of further research. The main objective of this research study is to develop a holistic understanding of SME corporate brand management, incorporating both strategic and operational perspectives. A holistic model of corporate brand management, which considers both strategic and operational perspectives of SME brand management, could not be found in the current corporate branding literature. Consequently, prior to this study a theoretical framework on which to base the study of corporate brand management in the SME sector is still missing.
Therefore, another objective of the research study is to develop a coherent holistic process-based conceptual model of corporate brand management that incorporates strategic and operational perspectives, based on the available corporate branding literature. The preliminary conceptual model that was developed as the conceptual framework for the study of SME brand management consists of five stages namely, (1) strategic front end, (2) corporate strategy-operations/internal brand management interface, (3) operations/internal brand management, consisting of internal brand communication, brand enabling and ensuring consistent brand delivery, (4) brand performance and (5) environmental feedback. The conceptual model is the investigative lens employed to study SME corporate brand management practices. It serves several purposes including guiding data collection and data analysis, as well as providing a preliminary framework for answering the primary and subsidiary research questions.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Griffith Business SchoolGriffith Business SchoolFull Tex
The Strategic Role of Branding in International Marketing
No full textThis dissertation examines the importance of branding strategy in international marketing. The research question is 'what is the role of branding strategy in international marketing?' The particular focus is to examine the consequences of branding and international marketing strategy in international markets. Furthermore, the antecedents of branding and international marketing strategy have been studied with the aim of depicting the systemic picture of international marketing strategy in a holistic view. Branding is recognised as a powerful strategic tool for marketers. With globalisation, foreign markets are becoming more accessible and available; accordingly, a brand becomes a strategic tool for firms not only for domestic markets, but also for international markets. However, there are few studies explicitly exploring the issues of international branding from an international marketing perspective. This study anchors the branding concept in a holistic view of a brand and not simply the product itself. Using the literature review as a point of departure, and strengthened by in-depth interviews, a conceptual model is developed. It is argued that international marketing strategy should be the focal point of any new international marketing venture. Moreover, it is believed that the successful deployment of an international marketing strategy determines the overall international marketing performance. To ensure a thorough understanding of the role of international marketing strategy in international marketing, this study also examines the antecedents of the international marketing strategy. Ten research hypotheses are established, three of which investigate the impact of international marketing strategy on firm performance. Another three hypotheses examine the relationships between international marketing strategy and its antecedents, being brand orientation, brand repositioning and international commitment. The other four hypotheses look at the relationships between the constructs of brand repositioning, brand orientation, international commitment, control of marketing activities and culture. The ten hypotheses are as follows:
1. International marketing strategy is a positive determinant of brand performance
2. International marketing strategy is a positive determinant of financial performance
3. Brand performance is a positive determinant of financial performance
4. Brand orientation is a positive determinant of international marketing strategy
5. International commitment is a positive determinant of international marketing strategy
6. Brand repositioning is a positive determinant of international marketing strategies
7. Control of marketing activities is a positive determinant of international commitment
8. Culture aspect is a positive determinant of brand repositioning
9. Control of marketing activities is a positive determinant of brand orientation
10. International commitment is a positive determinant of brand repositioning
The research methodology in this study is a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The major advantage to this methodology is the opportunity for the researcher to tease out rich information from qualitative research combined with the objectivity and generalisability stemming from quantitative research. The qualitative research was carried out in two phases. Firstly, I interviewed eight domestic Australian firms to study the features of brand orientation. After that, I conducted interviews with management executives of Australian firms involved in international business, with the aim of strengthening the conceptual model. As to the quantitative survey, the steps suggested by Churchill (1979), Cheng (2001) and Andersen and Gerbing (1988) have been rigorously followed with an aim to producing a piece of research that is both objective and generalisable. The results from the quantitative study using structural equation modelling method confirm significant relationships between the constructs hypothesised in the model. All major fit indices from structural equation modelling analysis show satisfactory results for both the measurement models and the structural model. The essential contributions of this study are the establishment of the role of branding in international business. Both brand orientation and brand repositioning have significant impacts on international marketing strategy, which in turn positively affects a firm's performance. Developments of new constructs such as brand orientation, brand repositioning and cultural aspects are statistically validated.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Griffith Business SchoolGriffith Business SchoolFull Tex
Parental Gift Giving Behaviour at Christmas: An Exploratory Study
No full textChristmas is generally described as cultural, ritual and sociological phenomena of devotion, community and consumption. The topic of this dissertation concerns a specific stream of research within the general domain of consumer behaviour. The focal objective of this study is to develop a model and generate theory about parental gift giving behaviour at Christmas. My study is unique because it attempts to model parental gift giving at Christmas in a consumer behaviour context. Consumer behaviour theory suggests that parents seek information about possible gifts, set selection criteria for gift purchase, evaluate alternatives and buy the gifts for their children. Following this broad view of theory, parents respond to children's request behaviour, evaluate the suitability of any requests and purchase the approved or appropriate items as Christmas gifts. Children are encouraged to request any gifts that they desire, and these gift requests are often for specific brands.
In general Christmas gifts are selected from children's products and brands and there is extensive debate and research relating to television advertising and children's request behaviour at Christmas. However, parents are not exposed to the same sources of advertising as their children and there is little evidence of research into the very important topics concerning motives, strategies, evaluations and the giving of brands that characterize parents' Christmas gift giving to their children.
The significance of this dissertation resides in the development and presentation of a comprehensive model for the conceptualisation of parental gift giving at Christmas, based on antecedents to parents' social roles of gift giving and direct and indirect behavioural outcomes of those gift giving roles. Measures for each of these outcomes are developed and gender effects are also explored.
The sample frame was described as a parent with at least one child between the ages of 3-8 years and a survey package was delivered to parents of children from participating schools and kindergartens. There were 2560 surveys distributed, with 450 individual responses representing a return rate of 17.6%. The 450 cases available for analysis were factor analysed and formed into composite and latent variables to facilitate statistical analysis via Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, which is an appropriate procedure when the relationships are unknown or theoretical. The results of the research have two distinct streams. The first stream relates to the creation and validation of measurement constructs for the concept of Christmas spirit, parental gift giving, request communication, brand benefits and use of information sources, as well as involvement in giving gifts and involvement in giving brands as gifts. The second stream relates to the relationships between variables; the results support the relationships antecedent to the parents' social roles of gift giving. There is a significant relationship of Christmas spirit with involvement in giving gifts and with parental gift giving roles. A significant relationship also exists between involvement in giving gifts and parental gift giving roles. However, there is limited support for propositions related to outcomes of parental gift giving roles where there are significant relations between these roles and Christmas request communication, brand benefits and information sources. There is also a significant, indirect relationship between brand benefits and involvement in giving brands as gifts. As part of the second stream, gender differences were examined; the results show that mothers' Christmas spirit has no effect on their gift giving roles and gift giving roles have no significant effect on request communication and information source usage. On the other hand, the results show that the fathers' gift giving activities reflect the relationships outlined in the parental model. The study has academic implications for sociology and consumer behaviour disciplines and commercial implications for manufacturers, advertisers, brand owners and retailers. Further investigations will be necessary to incorporate other elements into the parental gift-giving model and to extend the theory toward a fuller understanding of the parental Christmas gift giving phenomena.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Marketing and ManagementFull Tex
A Structural Model of Satisfaction and Brand Attitude in Hotels
No full textThis thesis is about the customer experience in hotels. The thesis evaluates the customer experience in relation to the antecedents of behavioural loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is evaluated in relation to customer satisfaction, brand trust and brand attitude. Customer satisfaction is also evaluated in relation to the antecedents of hotel performance, service quality and perceived value. The broad research underpinning this research is: How do consumers perceive and relate to luxury and first class hotel brands? The hotel industry is a large and highly diverse industry that includes a wide range of property styles, uses and qualities (Chon & Sparrowe, 2000; Go & Pine, 1995; Olsen, 1996; Powers & Barrows, 1999). The industry covers the spectrum of small, medium and large enterprises (Brotherton, 2003; Jones, 2002) and makes a significant contribution to national and international economies. The research incorporated data collection in three stages. The first stage was a qualitative study of consumers who self selected as first class or luxury consumers. The data from the focus groups were used to develop items for inclusion in a survey instrument. The focus groups data, together with information gathered from a literature review, were used to develop scales across a number of hotel performance dimensions. In addition scales were included in the survey instrument on customer satisfaction, perceived value, brand trust, brand attitude and behavioural loyalty. The second stage of the research was a pilot study with the survey instrument being distributed to a convenience sample. The data collected at this stage were used to purify and refine the survey instrument. The final stage was data collected from consumers in a number of Australian hotels. The resultant data set comprised 693 completed and useable responses. The data were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to confirm the hotel performance and other dimensions. The resultant dimensions showed good psychometric properties. A number of hypotheses were proposed in the thesis and examined using structural equation modelling. Although two hypotheses were rejected the resultant structural model showed strong relationships between the dimensions included. The research identified that service quality is a strong contributor to behavioural loyalty. The stronger pathway from service quality to behavioural loyalty was through customer satisfaction ( = 0.63) although the pathway through brand attitude ( = 0.22) was also significant. Both customer satisfaction and service quality had a significant effect on brand trust and service quality also influenced brand attitude. A number of recommendations for further research were made. These included the replication of this study in different geographic and industry contexts.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Griffith Business SchoolFull Tex
Social Issue Exchange: An Exploration of Determinants and Outcomes
No full textIt has been argued that marketing contributes to society by finding solutions to a diverse range of social issues. Importantly, research within the (social) marketing domain recognises that the concept of exchange is a fundamental aspect of influencing people to take on positive social issue behaviours (Andreasen, 1995; Rothschild, 1999). However, regardless of the influence of social marketing, ultimately the behavioural exchange resides with the individual. This infers that exchange can be considered from the individual’s (i.e., consumer’s) point of view, of intrapersonal or self-exchange (Gould, 1994). Furthermore, the conditions that facilitate or constrain this form of exchange are found within the individual – and relate to for example, individual differences. However, in recent years there has been limited interest in exchange theory within the marketing domain and, in particular, exchange as a fundamental consumer behaviour phenomenon (Anderson et al, 1999; Gould, 1994). This study seeks to extend current consumer behaviour and social marketing knowledge in the areas of exchange theory and personality. Based on an examination of the extant literature, a model of determinants and outcomes of Social Issue Exchange was developed and empirically tested. The Social Issue Exchange Model proposed in this study accounts for a number of associations which includes a representation of personality termed pro-social orientation along with social issue involvement, attitude toward social issues, subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The determinants of social issue exchange included the multi-component variable pro-social orientation comprising the traits risk aversion, locus of control, consideration of future consequences, susceptibility to normative influence and social responsibility along with the variables social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues. The outcomes of social issue exchange include the variables of subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using an Internet administered questionnaire that allowed for the measurement of the determinants and outcomes of social issue exchange. The construction of the questionnaire followed a sequential process which involved developing new measures, utilising and adapting existing measures and then pre-testing these measures to ensure the development of a psychometrically sound and respondent-friendly survey instrument. The final survey used Excess Alcohol Consumption and Speeding social issues as stimuli for the study. Data collection resulted in 1146 (comprising 559 for Speeding social issue, and 587 for Excess Alcohol Consumption social issue) useable surveys for subsequent analysis. Analysis included a number of statistical procedures including correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and tests of the model via Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Overall, the findings provided support for the proposed Social Issue Exchange Model. In terms of the measurement model, the findings show that pro-social orientation accounted for different amounts of variance in the five traits, with consideration for further consequences accounting for the most variance and susceptibility to normative influence accounting for the least. In terms of the inner model, all the hypothesised paths were supported with the exception of attitude towards social issues and social issue exchange. A comparison of the smaller models (i.e., Speeding and Excess Alcohol Consumption) with the overall model indicated that largely the relationships were consistent, with the exception of social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues which was not supported in the Excess Alcohol Consumption model. The findings provide a number of theoretical and practical implications for research. From a theoretical perspective, broadening the concept of exchange to account for self-exchange in the context of social issue behaviours contributes to the body of knowledge on exchange. Moreover, aggregating traits to form the multi-component construct pro-social orientation takes a holistic approach to personality and thereby, provides greater clarification of the psychological processes that drive individuals to respond positively or negatively to social issues and associated behaviours. From a practical perspective, this study may lead to a better understanding of how personal characteristics can shape an individual’s response to social issues as well as their behaviours. In summary, the importance of understanding the processes that influence individuals’ social issue behaviours provides a justification for this study. Accordingly, this study offers valuable insights into how ‘exchange’ is an integral feature of individual behaviour change, as well as positive social change for society.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Department of MarketingGriffith Business SchoolFull Tex
Contrasting the Four Franchising Imperatives across Hybridised Governance Models
No full textThe economic importance of franchising in service provision, job creation and self employment opportunities is widely reported (Spinelli, Rosenberg & Birley, 2004). In Australia, franchising currently contributes approximately $130 billion to the Australian economy representing 10 percent of national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Frazer, Weaven & Wright, 2008). Current research suggests that much of the future growth in franchising in many world economies will be attributable to the growth in multi-unit franchising arrangements (Weaven & Frazer 2007). Multi-unit franchising (MUF) refers to an organisational arrangement in which franchisees are allowed to own more than one unit within the same franchise system. However, the existence of multi-unit franchising remains a curious anomaly. In particular, from an agency theoretic perspective, multi-unit franchising appears to represent a suboptimal alternative to traditional dyadic revenue sharing arrangements as it contradicts incentives rationales for franchising choice. However, the ubiquity and popularity of this organisational form has generated consistent debate regarding the relative merits of this growth strategy.
Over the last 15 years there has been a myriad of research explaining and examining the area multi-unit franchising. Areas of particular interest have focused upon expansionary strategies, motivations and incentives, and differences between single-unit and multi-unit operations. Further research has explored the challenges which chain organisations encounter when employing a MUF framework (for example, Bradach, 1995; Garg et al., 2005). However, whilst it is evident that growth has occurred throughout the franchising literature in relation to MUF, significant gaps still exist. For example, with the notable exception of Bradach (1995) limited research has explored the key factors (imperatives) essential for multi-unit franchising to succeed (that is operational performance), hence, ensuring sustainability of franchise systems. Moreover, previous research has not empirically examined franchise system performance within the context of different organisational forms of MUF that are distinguished by their influence upon the extent of direct franchisor control, rate of system expansion and management of system operations. Therefore, based on the seminal work of Bradach (1995), this study will empirically examine the impact of the four franchising imperatives (that is, (1) unit growth, (2) uniformity, (3) local responsiveness and, (4) system wide adaptation) upon franchise system operational performance across the four key governance structures (that is, (1) master franchising, (2) area development franchising, (3) area representative franchising and (4) incremental franchising).
Thus, this research addresses gaps in the literature by investigating the research question:
To what extent are there differences in the effect of the four imperatives (that is, unit growth, system uniformity, local responsiveness and system-wide adaptation) upon operational performance across different multiple unit franchising arrangements (master franchisee, area development, area representative, incremental).
A two-stage methodological approach was utilised in this research. Stage One adopted a qualitative process of convergent interviewing which involved in-depth interviews
with franchisors. The rationale for the interviews was to gain insight into the experiences of franchisors in regard to the four imperatives and their effect on operational performance. This process resulted in the emergence of a number of themes that were then used to generate the survey items of this study. Stage Two involved the development of a questionnaire, the construction of which included input via an expert panel and rigorous pilot testing. This resulted in a psychometrically sound survey instrument being used to collect the data for hypotheses testing. Administration of the survey was via email to a purposive sample of Australian franchisors and this resulted in the collection of 347 usable surveys.
Preliminary analysis of the data was conducted via tests of normality, skew and kurtosis, Kaiser-Meyer Olkin and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability analysis. Upon confirming the factors structures and reliability of the scales, composite variables were computed ready for analysis via structural equation modelling using Partial Least Square (PLS) regression analysis. Hypothesis testing resulted in all, but one, hypothesis being supported. The findings, therefore, indicate that there are significant differences in the way in which three of the four imperatives (that is, unit growth, system uniformity and system-wide adaptation) impact on performance across different governance structures, such as master franchising, area development franchising, area representative franchising and incremental franchising...Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Department of MarketingGriffith Business SchoolFull Tex
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Relationship between Resources, Strategy and Firm Performance : Factors that Influence the Growth of SMEs
No full textThis original research seeks to identify unique relationships between the resources and strategy utilized by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Australia and the United States. It adds to the current understanding of SME performance and has led to further knowledge and development of a strategic influence called resource leveraging.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the important issue of how SMEs grow. Specifically, this research will examine what resources are critical to the growth of SMEs, develop and refine the concept of resource leveraging; and investigate if there is a strategic influence of resource leveraging on SME performance.
Entrepreneurship research is commonly associated with the economic benefits of smaller firms and their value to society. As most businesses make some economic impact in their communities, increases in small business performance is welcomed by local, regional and national economies. Thus, understanding how SMEs achieve high performance has significant implications for owners, managers, employees and overall wealth creation. Alternatively, low performance can lead to lack of growth or worse firm failure, which contribute to various negative economic and social effects.
As many smaller firms tend to lack the resource availability of larger firms, they must develop strategies that can exploit their existing resource base. As high failure rates continue, it is important for SMEs to develop strategies based on their resource base in order for them to gain competitive advantage. Additionally, SMEs are often the dominant type of firm in many countries, thus acting strategically with respect to their resources is critical. Research suggests that successful firms in these environments are often not superior because of a greater resource base, but because of a superior strategy.
Entrepreneurship research has emerged through a variety of academic and business disciplines, and is in an early stage of development. The combination of entrepreneurship and strategy is gaining recognition as a legitimate field of inquiry, however, research on strategic entrepreneurship – often referred to as the intersection of entrepreneurship and strategy – remains at an early stage. While benefits of entrepreneurship and strategy are well known, the underlying concepts within the discipline are not fully formed, and models of strategic entrepreneurship are limited in number, conceptual in nature, and many do not have empirical support.
In order to address this issue, this research has identified a resource strategy as central to strategic entrepreneurship for SMEs: specifically within the framework of the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm. The RBV of the firm contends that a firms‟ resource base leads to competitive advantage, and this study seeks to understand which resources are most critical to firm performance. Additionally, this research did not limit the analysis of one resource on firm performance; rather, it analyses the effect of a number of firm-level resources. Therefore, this study incorporates within the framework of strategic entrepreneurship the immediate discipline of the resource-based view (RBV) to develop a conceptual model explaining firm growth in SMEs.
Research suggests that firm resources must be effectively managed or „leveraged‟ in order for a firm to fully exploit its resources. This research attempts to empirically investigate the concept of „resource leveraging‟. As an extension of the RBV, resource leveraging has been described as an approach towards resources that may help determine the survival and ultimate success of small and emerging firms. Therefore, while the resources of a firm may be important to performance, these resources need to leveraged effectively through strategic orientation. As smaller firms often cannot stop other similar companies from entering their competitive space, it is more difficult for these firms to compete based on resources alone. Thus a firms‟ strategy in the management of its resources is critical. The findings of this research suggest that firm strategy should not be independent of the resources at its disposal; rather, it is the close relationship between firm strategy and internal factors, such as resources, that lead to competitive advantage.
This research also examines the concept of resource leveraging in detail. This is described as the process involved for a firm to leverage its resources. In order to achieve this, a research design was developed that includes an exploratory qualitative phase in conjunction with a quantitative study. Using this triangulated research approach, in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs and a cross-sectional survey of 430 SMEs in Australia and the Unites States were conducted to further understand and develop the concept; and to examine its relationship with firm resources and performance.
Statistical tests were conducted including hierarchical regression with five resource categories: human, organizational, social, knowledge-based resources and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). In contrast to many previous studies, this research takes the position that EO is a firm-specific resource. Moderation and mediation tests were conducted to investigate the resource-performance relationship with resource leveraging and test the construct quantitatively. Hence, the model was theoretically and empirically based. Findings indicate that the resource dimensions of EO and knowledge-based resources are more critical to SMEs. EO in particular was significant in Australia and knowledge-based resources in the US. In contrast to previous research, a lack of support was shown for social capital, indicating managers and owners should choose wisely in investments in this particular resource. These findings not only offer important implications for business practice, but also offer valuable insight for academics.
This research lends support for the RBV as a foundation for understanding the elements that comprise strategic entrepreneurship. The development of strategic entrepreneurship research beginning with the RBV and encompassing an examination of individual resources and strategic intent, provides the opportunity for research on strategic entrepreneurship to progress beyond the general notion of being the intersection of entrepreneurship and strategy. The concept of resource leveraging, and the examination of this concept through qualitative and quantitative methods revealed a definition that is supported through a triangulation of methods and shows consistent results in both Australia and the United States. Results indicated a lack of a moderating effect but a consistent mediating influence of resource leveraging on the resource-performance relationship, suggesting that the foundation for strategic entrepreneurship may lie with the co-alignment of strategy and a firm‟s current resource stocks.
Although this research is not exhaustive, it is hoped that it improves understanding of the complex phenomena involved with intangible resources and the strategic management of these resources. Small businesses face enormous challenges and policymakers will need to address issues presented in this research to maintain and develop a strong economic presence. These findings have implications for managers and entrepreneurs alike in their quest to grow their businesses in the absence of resources enjoyed by larger firms.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Griffith Business School, MarketingGriffith Business SchoolFull Tex
From Little Things Big Things Grow: Exploring Small to Medium Enterprises’ Continual and Collaborative Learning of Sustainable Management Practices
No full textUnderpinned by theoretical concepts of collaboration, sustainable mangement practices (SMP), government and continual learning, this research investigated the contribution of continual learning of SMP in the small to medium enterprise (SME) context. An extensive review of continual learning, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and SME literature was conducted. Building on existing research, this thesis establishes a novel approach to the role of learning in the development of sustainable actions and behaviours through SME exemplars of SMP.
Gapp and Fisher’s (2008) model (GFM) provided a lens for the normative re-educative framework that promotes transformation through continual learning including reflection and feedback (Gapp & Fisher, 2007, 2008). Continual learning stimulates organisational development through collaboration and reflection to help build and maintain a competitive advantage in CSR within the SME setting. Existing research on sustainability and CSR in the SME sector is primarily based on northern hemisphere views and corporate contexts. This dissertation provides a general background on CSR and sustainability, and then outlines contemporary views that define CSR through the five dimensions of economic, stakeholder, environmental, voluntariness, and social aspects (Dahlsrud, 2008). SMEs lack connectivity with the term CSR because of the ‘corporate’ element (Baden & Harwood, 2012), and therefore the term sustainable management practices (SMP) has been adopted and interchanged with CSR as a more appropriate fit for the SME context (Stewart & Gapp, 2014).Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Griffith Business SchoolGriffith Business SchoolFull Tex
- …
