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Can contempt serve as a morally appropriate form of self-defense against the damage wrought by superbia? A critical analysis of Macalester Bell's account of contempt
Get PDFThis thesis is focused on whether contempt could serve as a morally appropriate form of self-defense against superbia. My analysis is largely built on and developed in critical dialogue with a thesis put forward by Macalester Bell in her monograph “Hard feelings: the moral psychology of contempt” (2013). Bell is one of the few modern moral philosophers who have defended contempt as an emotion that has an important role to play in our moral lives. Even though contempt has often been rejected as a nasty and immoral emotion and it is not particularly difficult to come up with cases where contempt would indeed be unjustified, I find it hard to deny that there is a grain of truth in saying that the virtuous agent will love the good and hate the evil1. If we are to be consistent and wholeheartedly value morality, and we agree that emotions are important mediums through which we value things (as it is assumed by the current mainstream theories of emotion), then there seems to be a prima facie case for at least some hard feelings―understood as emotions that help us hold other people accountable for their wrongdoing, or, in case of superbia (which is more to do with character rather than some isolated acts of wrongdoing), their “badbeing” (Bell 2013: 39).http://www.ester.ee/record=b4500890*es
Süütunne: kaasates juhtumeid, kus pole valesti toimitud
Get PDFSüütundest räägitakse tihti kui emotsioonist, mis seisneb asjaolus, et ollakse midagi moraalselt valesti teinud. Samas raporteerivad inimesed süütunnet ka olukordades, kus nad ei pruugi tajuda, et oleksid moraalselt eksinud. Üheks tüüpjuhtumiks on kahju põhjustamise näited, kus moraalset eksimust ei ole – näiteks autoõnnetused, kus põhjustati küll kellegi surm, kuid seejuures poleks autojuht saanud midagi teisiti teha. Teiseks tüüpjuhtumiks on ellujääja süütunne, mida tuntakse siis, kui pääsetakse eluga mõnest katastroofist, kust paljud teised hukkuvad. Käesolev doktoritöö näitab, et selline rahvapsühholoogias levinud avaram süüdiskursus ei ole vaid üks lõtv ja segane viis süütundest kõneleda. Vastupidi, see püüab kinni suhteliselt koherentse süümõiste, mis võrsub hüvepõhisest lähenemisest moraalile. Sellises lähenemises ei ole fookus mitte tegude ebamoraalsusel, vaid asjade seisude moraalsel halbusel, ning süütunne seisneb selles, et ennast tajutakse panustavat moraalselt halba asjade seisu. Seejuures on panustamist mõistetud kontrafaktuaalses tähenduses, mis rõhutab seda, et subjekt teeb maailma vahe sisse. Näiteks, kui ei oleks teatud kellaajal teatud teel sõidetud, siis poleks kõne all olevat õnnetust juhtunud. Või kui subjekt oleks hukkunud koos teistega, siis oleks juhtunu vähemalt teatud mõttes vähem halb olnud. Hüvepõhine lähenemine pakub tüüpjuhtumitele järgneva selgituse. Kahju põhjustamise näidete puhul panustatakse kausaalsel viisil moraalselt halba asjade seisu, mis seisneb enamasti selles, et juhtunu on ohvri suhtes ebaõiglane – ohver polnud oma halba saatust millegagi ära teeninud. Ellujääja süütunde puhul panustatakse konstitutiivsel viisil moraalselt halba asjade seisu, mis seisneb selles, et subjekti pääsemine on hukkunute suhtes, kes polnud subjektist kuidagi vähem väärilised, võrdlevas mõttes ebaõiglane. Suures plaanis näitab doktoritöö seda, kuidas süümõiste oleneb suurel määral meie üldisest normatiivsest raamistikust.The emotional phenomenon of guilt is traditionally defined as a painful feeling about having done something morally wrong. Yet it is relatively common that people report guilt feelings even in the absence of perceived moral wrongdoing. One common type of counterexample involves cases of merely causal harm to others—for example, when one has caused fatal harm in a car crash, even though there was nothing that they could have done to prevent the accident. The second common type of counterexample concerns survivor guilt, which is experienced when the subject survives a catastrophe that others did not. This dissertation shows that such folk discourse is not just a confused way of talking about guilt but captures a relatively unified guilt concept, which emerges from a value-based approach to morality. This approach puts the focus on the badness of states of affairs rather than the wrongness of actions, and the relevant guilt feeling involves perceiving oneself as contributing to a morally bad state of affairs. Contribution is here understood in counterfactual terms, which highlights the idea that the subject makes a difference to the world. For example, had the subject not driven a particular road at a particular time, the relevant accident would not have happened. Had the subject died with the others, the situation would have been, at least in some sense, less bad. The value-based account of guilt offers the following way to explain the cases of merely causal harm and survivor guilt. The former involve the subject perceiving themselves as causing a state of affairs that is unjust towards the victim, who had done nothing to deserve such a fate. Survivor guilt involves the subject perceiving themselves as a constitutive part of a morally bad state of affairs that consists in the comparative injustice of the fact that while they made it out alive, others who were no less worthy did not. In general, the dissertation shows how our understanding of guilt depends in great part on our general normative framework.https://www.ester.ee/record=b575536
Kas tippsportlastel on rohkem põhjust moraalne olla kui tavainimestel
Get PDFThis thesis is focused on the question, whether professional athletes have special reasons to act morally outside of the sporting arena? Professional athletes receive a tremendous amount of media attention, both on and off the field. Hence, they are in the limelight not only for their sporting excellence and athletic achievement but also for their behaviour in aspects of life beyond their particular field. The objective of this thesis is to show that professional athletes have more reasons to act morally than ordinary people. The first chapter is focused on the role model argument. Professional athletes hold positions of great influence, fame and authority in our society and, hence, they are role models for the rest of us. Because of their highly unusual influence, they have a moral obligation to be good role models which stem from social responsibility. The second chapter is focused on the special relationship between sport and morality. Namely, I argue that athletes have a special reason to act morally because of the intrinsic and instrumental value of integrity. Therefore, this thesis claims that professional athletes have special reasons to act morally stemming from the social responsibility and the value of personal integrit
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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