1,720,989 research outputs found
Factors affecting cyclic durability of all-solid-state lithium batteries using poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolytes and recommendations to achieve improved performance
Get PDFA detailed experimental analysis of the factors affecting cyclic durability of all-solid-state lithium batteries using poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolytes was published in EES by Nakayama et al. We use quantum mechanics to interpret these results, identifying processes involved in the degradation of rechargeable lithium batteries based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer electrolyte with LiTFSI. We consider that ionization of the electrolyte near the cathode at the end of the recharge step is probably responsible for this degradation. We find that an electron is likely removed from PEO next to a TFSI anion, triggering a sequence of steps leading to neutralization of a TFSI anion and anchoring of another TFSI to the PEO. This decreases the polymer conductivity near the cathode, making it easier to ionize additional PEO and leading to complete degradation of the battery. We refer to this as the Cathode Overpotential Driven Ionization of the Solvent (CODIS) model. We suggest possible ways to confirm experimentally our interpretation and propose modifications to suppress or reduce electrolyte degradation
Room-Temperature Lithium Phases from Density Functional Theory
Get PDFMetallic lithium is a promising electrode material for developing next generation rechargeable batteries, but it suffers from dendrite formation upon recharging. This compromises both efficiency and safety of these systems. The surface phenomena responsible for dendrite formation are difficult to characterize experimentally, making it important to use Quantum Mechanics (QM) to provide the understanding needed to design improved systems. The most accurate practical level of QM for such studies is the PBE form of density functional theory (DFT.) We report here an assessment of the accuracy for PBE to predict the most stable four phases of bulk lithium. PBE predicts three phases, bcc, fcc, and hcp, to be nearly equal in stability (within 5 meV). Including the zero-point energy and enthalpy corrections at standard conditions (298 K and 1 atm), we predict bcc most stable, fcc at 0.0029 eV, hcp at 0.0036 eV, and cI16 at 0.0277 eV. Indeed their experimental free energies under ambient conditions differ only by a few meV, with bcc considered most stable. Experimentally, the fourth phase becomes stable at high pressure (>30-40 GPa) and low temperature (<200 K). To use QM calculations to predict growth mechanisms, it is essential to bias the calculations by imposing the desired crystal structure in the underlying layers. We consider that this will allow QM studies of dendritic growth far from the crystalline phase due to the lower surface energy of bcc. (Figure Presented)
Proton transport mechanism and pathways in the superprotonic phase of CsHSO_4 from experiment and theory
No full textThe proton transport mechanism and pathways in the superprotonic phase of CsHSO_4 have been discussed using both experimental and theoretical (computational) data
ReaxFF Readctive Force Field for the Y-doped BaZrO3 Proton Conductor with applications to diffusion Rates for Multigranular Systems
Get PDFProton-conducting perovskites such as Y-doped BaZiO3 (BYZ) are promising candidates as electrolytes for a proton ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) that might permit much lower temperatures (from 400 to 600 °C). However, these materials lead to relatively poor total conductivity (∼10-4 S/cm) because of extremely high grain boundary resistance. In order to provide the basis for improving these materials, we developed the ReaxFF reactive force field to enable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of proton diffusion in the bulk phase and across grain boundaries of BYZ. This allows us to elucidate the atomistic structural details underlying the origin of this poor grain boundary conductivity and how it is related to the orientation of the grains. The parameters in ReaxFF were based entirely on the results of quantum mechanics (QM) calculations for systems related to BYZ. We apply here the ReaxFF to describe the proton diffusion in crystalline BYZ and across grain boundaries in BYZ. The results are in excellent agreement with experiment, validating the use of ReaxFF for studying the transport properties of these membranes. Having atomistic structures for the grain boundaries from simulations that explain the overall effect of the grain boundaries on diffusion opens the door to in silico optimization of these materials. That is, we can now use theory and simulation to examine the effect of alloying on both the interfacial structures and on the overall diffusion. As an example, these calculations suggest that the reduced diffusion of protons across the grain boundary results from the increased average distances between oxygen atoms in the interface, which necessarily leads to larger barriers for proton hopping. Assuming that this is the critical issue in grain boundary diffusion, the performance of BYZ for multigranular systems might be improved using additives that would tend to precipitate to the grain boundary and which would tend to pull the oxygens atoms together. Possibilities might be to use a small amount of larger trivalent ions, such as La or Lu or of tetravalent ions such as Hf or Th. Since ReaxFF can also be used to describe the chemical processes on the anode and cathode and the migration of ions across the electrode-membrane interface, ReaxFF opens the door to the possibility of atomistic first principles predictions on models of a complete fuel cell. © 2008 American Chemical Society.Fil: Van Duin, Adri C. T.. California Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Merinov, Boris V.. California Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Han, Sang Soo. California Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Dorso, Claudio Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. California Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Goddard III, William A.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unido
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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