479 research outputs found
Musique sans écriture et mathématiques
No full text@article{RN-CHEMILLIER-2006, author = {Chemillier, M.}, title = {Musique sans écriture et mathématiques}, journal = {Découverte, revue du Palais de la découverte}, volume = {340}, pages = {22-33}, year = {2006} }National audienc
The 2012 world health report 'no health without research': the endpoint needs to go beyond publication outputs.
No full textLe thème du Rapport de la Santé Mondiale 2012 est «pas de santé sans recherche» et est un appel à l’action pour combler les lacunes mondiales dans la recherche en santé. Combler l’écart entre les «nanti »et les «démunis» est vital si nous voulons être à la hauteur de l’appel de ce thème et utiliser la recherche pour apporter des améliorations sur le terrain. Les nombres absolus de publications scientifiques et des publications par habitant ont été utilisés comme les principaux indicateurs pour évaluer la capacité mondiale de la recherche et identifier les zones à lacunes. A l’échelle des pays, nous estimons que cela reflète un seul côté de la médaille. Bien que l’absence de stratégies nationales de recherche en santé empêche une allocation optimale des ressources, une réalité toute aussi importante sur le terrain est la transcription inadéquate des résultats de la recherche dans la politique et la pratique, l’autre côté de la médaille
What Is Worth Knowing in Interventional Practices about Medical Staff Radiation Exposure Monitoring: A Review of Recent Outcomes of EURADOS Working Group 12
No full textEURADOS (European Radiation Dosimetry Group) Working Group 12 (WG12) SG1 activities are aimed at occupational radiation protection and individual monitoring in X-ray and nuclear medicine practices. In recent years, many studies have been carried out in these fields, especially for interventional radiology and cardiology workplaces (IC/IR). The complexity of the exposure conditions of the medical staff during interventional practices makes the radiation protection and monitoring of the exposed workers a challenging task. The scope of the present work is to review some of the main results obtained within WG12 activities about scattered field characterization and personal dosimetry that could be very useful in increasing the quality of radiation protection of the personnel, safety, and awareness of radiation risk. Two papers on Monte Carlo modelling of inter-ventional theater and three papers on active personal dosimeters (APDs) for personnel monitoring were considered in the review. More specifically, Monte Carlo simulation was used as the main tool to characterize the levels of exposure of the medical staff, allowing to determine how beam energy and direction can have an impact on the doses received by the operators. Indeed, the simulations provided information about the exposure of the operator’s head, and the study concluded with the determination of an eye-lens protection factor when protection goggles and a ceiling shielding are used. Moreover, the review included the results of studies on active personal dosimeters, their use in IC/IR workplaces, and how they respond to calibration fields, with X-ray standard and pulsed beams. It was shown that APDs are insensitive to backscatter radiation, but some of them could not respond correctly to the very intense pulsed fields (as those next to the patient in interventional practices). The measurements during interventional procedures showed the potential capability of the employment of APDs in hospitals
The published research paper: is it an important indicator of successful operational research at programme level?
No full textIs a published research paper an important indicator of successful operational research at programme level in low-income countries? In academia, publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals is highly encouraged and strongly pursued for academic recognition and career progression. In contrast, for those who engage in operational research at programme level, there is often no necessity or reward for publishing the results of research studies; it may even be criticized as being an unnecessary detraction from programme-related work. We present arguments to support publishing operational research from low-income countries; we highlight some of the main reasons for failure of publication at programme level and suggest ways forward
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Understanding 1968: the case of Brest
No full textThis article examines the dominance of Paris in how May '68 has been portrayed over the years. It will be argued, through a case-study of the revolt in the Breton city of Brest, that the Paris-centred approach is one that belies the true nationwide aspect of May/June 1968. As one of a range of characteristics, the concentration on the Latin Quarter has helped mould what Kristin Ross has described as the 'official history' of 1968. An examination of how the events were played out within different regional contexts would go a long way towards helping overcome the shortcomings of the increasingly narrow portrayal that has come to dominate the stereotypical image of 1968
Comparative organ dose levels for dentomaxillofacial examinations performed with computed tomography, cone beam CT and panoramic radiographs
No full textThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation dose delivered to radiosensitive organs (thyroid, parotid glands and eye lens) during dentomaxillofacial imaging with multislice computed tomography (CT), cone beam CT (CBCT) and panoramic radiographs (orthopantomography, OPT). The dose was estimated individually for each modality and each clinical protocol by measuring the absorbed dose at the surface of a head phantom with thermoluminescence dosimeters. The measured radiation dose was between 0.01–1.22 mGy for the thyroid gland (systematically outside the primary beam), 1.34–29.11 mGy for the parotid glands (systematically exposed to the primary beam) and 0.02–26.22 mGy for the eye lens (in the primary beam depending on imaging protocol). For all organs, CT was found to be the most irradiating modality followed by CBCT and OPT. However, CBCT with a “limited dental” protocol and OPT deliver similar doses to the parotid glands
Achieving the Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality in rural Africa: an experience from Burundi.
No full textOBJECTIVES: To estimate the reduction in maternal mortality associated with the emergency obstetric care provided by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and to compare this to the fifth Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality. METHODS: The impact of MSF's intervention was approximated by estimating how many deaths were averted among women transferred to and treated at MSF's emergency obstetric care facility in Kabezi, Burundi, with a severe acute maternal morbidity. Using this estimate, the resulting theoretical maternal mortality ratio in Kabezi was calculated and compared to the Millennium Development Goal for Burundi. RESULTS: In 2011, 1385 women from Kabezi were transferred to the MSF facility, of whom 55% had a severe acute maternal morbidity. We estimated that the MSF intervention averted 74% (range 55-99%) of maternal deaths in Kabezi district, equating to a district maternal mortality rate of 208 (range 8-360) deaths/100 000 live births. This lies very near to the 2015 MDG 5 target for Burundi (285 deaths/100 000 live births). CONCLUSION: Provision of quality emergency obstetric care combined with a functional patient transfer system can be associated with a rapid and substantial reduction in maternal mortality, and may thus be a possible way to achieve Millennium Development Goal 5 in rural Africa
Furnace for in situ and simultaneous studies of nano-precipitates and phase transformations in steels by SANS and neutron diffraction
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2020 Author(s).Interphase precipitation occurring during solid-state phase transformations in micro-alloyed steels is generally studied through transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and ex situ measurements of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). The advantage of SANS over the other two characterization techniques is that SANS allows for the quantitative determination of size distribution, volume fraction, and number density of a statistically significant number of precipitates within the resulting matrix at room temperature. However, the performance of ex situ SANS measurements alone does not provide information regarding the probable correlation between interphase precipitation and phase transformations. This limitation makes it necessary to perform in situ and simultaneous studies on precipitation and phase transformations in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the nucleation and growth of precipitates in relation to the evolution of austenite decomposition at high temperatures. A furnace is, thus, designed and developed for such in situ studies in which SANS measurements can be simultaneously performed with neutron diffraction measurements during the application of high-temperature thermal treatments. The furnace is capable of carrying out thermal treatments involving fast heating and cooling as well as high operation temperatures (up to 1200 °C) for a long period of time with accurate temperature control in a protective atmosphere and in a magnetic field of up to 1.5 T. The characteristics of this furnace give the possibility of developing new research studies for better insight of the relationship between phase transformations and precipitation kinetics in steels and also in other types of materials containing nano-scale microstructural features.Peer reviewe
Experimental investigation of high He/dpa microstructural effects in neutron irradiated B-alloyed Eurofer97 steel by means of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and electron microscopy
No full textHigh He/dpa microstructural effects have been investigated, by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in B-alloyed ferritic/martensitic steel Eurofer97-1 (0.12 C, 9 Cr, 0.2 V, 1.08 W wt%, B contents variable between 10 and 1000 ppm), neutron irradiated at the High Flux Reactor of the JRC-Petten at temperatures between 250 °C and 450 °C, up do a dose level of 16 dpa. Under these irradiation parameters, B activation is expected to produce corresponding helium contents variable between 80 and 5600 appm, with helium bubble distributions relevant for the technological applications. The SANS measurements were carried out under magnetic field to separate nuclear and magnetic SANS components; a reference, un-irradiated sample was also measured to evaluate as accurately as possible the genuine effect of the irradiation on the microstructure. Increasing the estimated helium content from 400 to 5600 appm, the analysis of the SANS cross-sections yields an increase in the volume fraction, attributed to helium bubbles, of almost one order of magnitude (from 0.007 to 0.038); furthermore, the difference between nuclear and magnetic SANS components is strongly reduced. These results are discussed in correlation with TEM observations of the same samples and are tentatively attributed to the effect of drastic microstructural changes in Eurofer97-1 for high He/dpa ratio values, possibly relating to the dissolution of large B-carbides due to transmutation reactions. © 2016 The Author
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