1,720,985 research outputs found
Returns to education in west European countries
No full textThe paper compares private returns to education by gender for 14 EU
countries. Building on de la Fuente (2003), we define the rate of return as the discount
rate equalizing marginal costs and benefits of education. We extend his model by estimating
separately the values of the relevant parameters for men and women and
introducing variables specifically related to maternity leaves and benefits. Then, we
calibrate the model and we evaluate the elasticities of the returns to education with
respect to some policies. In the second part of the paper, we provide some further
elements of analysis concerning the returns in Italy. The three key contributions are:
estimation of the Mincerian coefficients of the wage equation by gender and by
region; computation of the returns to education by gender with the same geographical
disaggregation; some counterfactual experiments to evaluate the impact and relevance of several public policies
The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries
No full textPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the gender specific private returns on education (RE)
in Europe in a comparative perspective. The authors extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by
estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. The paper
analyses the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to
unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the
Heckman’ selection model, for 12 West European countries using the EU-SILC data. The authors then
use them as input to calibrate the decision model.
Findings – The RE of females tend to be higher than those of males in all the Europeans countries but
Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. The gender gap can be explained mainly by the wage premia
and labour income taxes which more than compensate the negative effects on females’ returns
triggered by higher unemployment rates and maternity-related benefits.
Practical implications – The tax system has the most pronounced effect on RE. An increase in the
marginal tax rates has a negative impact. An increase in the average tax rates can have a negative
or positive impact, depending on the progressivity of the tax system. An increase in unemployment
benefits and maternity or child-care benefits has a negative but fairly small impact.
Social implications – The analysis considers just one dimension of maternity related policies: the
effect on RE and differences across gender. These policies may have aims which are beyond
the scope of this paper, for instance to increase fertility. From this viewpoint, the small values of the
elasticities presented are reassuring in that they suggest that they can be implemented at a fairly small
cost in terms of investment in human capital.
Originality/value – The authors compute the RE using a model which allows us to take into
account and assess the significance of relevant variables: wage premium, income tax, some public
transfers and benefits, costs of the investments. Moreover, the authors estimate the wage premia using
relatively recent EU-SILC data. Finally, the paper compares 12 EU countries spanning quite different
labour market conditions and institutions
Geschlechtsspezifische Bildungsertrage in Westeuropa
No full textDie finanziellen Erträge höherer Bildung
entscheiden mit darüber, wie viel Menschen
in ihre allgemeine und berufliche
Bildung investieren. Dieser Bericht zeigt,
dass sich die Bildungsrenditen im europäischen
Vergleich deutlich unterscheiden,
was auch an den institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen
in den einzelnen Ländern
liegt. Ebenso fallen sie für Männer
und Frauen unterschiedlich aus: In den
meisten Ländern profitieren Frauen relativ
mehr von höherer Bildung als Männer
– allerdings nicht in Deutschland
Mit Reformen gegen die Jobmisere: Rückenwind für den italienischen Arbeitsmarkt?
No full textLike Germany at the beginning of the new millennium, Italy is in deep trouble as far as the job situation is concerned. With 'Jobs Act', the Renzi government has committed itself to the mission of an extensive but controversial labour market reform. Centrepiece is the reform of the dismissal protection. With the introduction of standardized employment contracts, the distinct division of the labour market in tenured jobs on the one hand, and non-tenured jobs on the other, should be overcome
Migrantinnen und Haushaltsdienstleistungen: Zuwanderung beeinflusst das Arbeitsangebot der einheimischen Frauen
No full textFrauen stehen immer noch häufig in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen Familie und Beruf. Das gilt vor allem für Westdeutschland, wo es weniger Angebote der Kinderbetreuung gibt als in den meisten anderen europäischen Ländern. Internationale Studien zeigen, dass Einwanderung Einfluss darauf hat, wie einheimische Frauen ihre Zeit zwischen Hausarbeit und Erwerbstätigkeit aufteilen. Die Autoren untersuchen erstmals für Deutschland, ob und wie die Zuwanderung weiblicher Migranten das Angebot an Haushaltsdienstleistungen hierzulande verändert und wie sich dies auf das Erwerbsverhalten der einheimischen Frauen auswirkt
Full and constrained Pareto efficiency with incomplete financial markets
Full text linkWe study the efficiency properties of equilibria in general equilibrium economies with incomplete financial markets. We focus the analysis on economies with a finitely large number of agents and initial endowments close to a Pareto optimal one. Consider an economy with a Pareto optimal equilibrium allocation and a sufficiently small, but nonzero, amount of trade. If the matrix of the derivatives of the indirect utility functions with respect to prices has maximal rank (equal to the number of non-numeraire commodities), then locally all the economies have a unique, constrained Pareto-efficient equilibrium. To the contrary, pick a Pareto optimal initial endowment. Then, locally, there are open sets of economies with a unique, constrained Pareto-efficient equilibrium and other open sets of economies with a unique constrained Pareto-inefficient equilibrium. The key step of the analysis is based on the observation that, in some small open neighborhood of an economy with a Pareto optimal initial endowment, we can partially characterize constrained Pareto optimal equilibria as the optimal solution of a well-defined, strictly concave optimization problem
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