248 research outputs found
Primates do not spontaneously use shape properties for object individuation: a competence or a performance problem?
No full textSeveral recent studies have documented that non-human primates can individuate objects according to property and/or kind information in much the same way as human infants do from around one year of age when they begin to acquire language. Some studies suggest, however, that only some properties are used for the individuation of food items: color, but not shape. The present study investigated whether these findings reveal a true competence problem with shape properties in the food domain or whether they merely reveal a performance problem (e.g., lack of attention to shapes). We tested 25 great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas) in two food individuation tasks. We manipulated subjects' experience with differences in color and shape properties of food items. Results indicated (i) that all subjects, regardless of their prior experience, solved the color-based object individuation task and (ii) that only the group with previous experience with different shape properties succeeded in the shape-based individuation task. Great apes can thus be primed to take shape into account for individuating food objects, and this results clearly speaks in favor of a performance (rather than a competence) problem in using shape for object individuation of food items.</p
Ape metaphysics: Object individuation without language
No full textDevelopmental research suggests that whereas very young infants individuate objects purely on spatiotemporal grounds, from (at latest) around 1 year of age children are capable of individuating objects according to the kind they belong to and the properties they instantiate. As the latter ability has been found to correlate with language, some have speculated whether it might be essentially language dependent and therefore uniquely human. Existing studies with non-human primates seem to speak against this hypothesis, but fail to present conclusive evidence due to methodological shortcomings. In the present experiments we set out to test non-linguistic object individuation in three great ape species with a refined manual search methodology. Experiment 1 tested for spatiotemporal object individuation: Subjects saw 1 or 2 objects simultaneously being placed inside a box in which they could reach, and then in both conditions only found 1 object. After retrieval of the 1 object, subjects reached again significantly more often when they had seen 2 than when they had seen 1 object. Experiment 2 tested for object individuation according to property/kind information only: Subjects saw 1 object being placed inside the box, and then either found that object (expected) or an object of a different kind (unexpected). Analogously to Experiment 1, after retrieval of the 1 object, subjects reached again significantly more often in the unexpected than in the expected condition. These results thus confirm previous findings suggesting that individuating objects according to their property/kind is neither uniquely human nor essentially language dependent. It remains to be seen, however, whether this kind of object individuation requires sortal concepts as human linguistic thinkers use them, or whether some simpler form of tracking properties is sufficient. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p
Kedrovyi Sor : la vie quotidienne dans un camp du goulag à l'époque stalinienne
No full textKedrovyi Sor: daily life in a Gulag camp during the Stalinist period, Oleg Azarov.
Our knowledge of the Soviet concentration camp universe is beginning to be nourished by direct access to archives. The author, a young Russian scholar, has been able to work on a rich collection of documents concerning the camp of Kedrovyi Sor, in the Pečora bassin. Through his study of the camp's administrative structure, its financial operation and its economic activities, and through an analysis of the inmates and their living conditions, he provides, almost in the raw, a concrete and precise description of the daily functioning of a Stalinist camp from the early 1930s to the 1950s.Azarov Oleg, Laurent Natacha. Kedrovyi Sor : la vie quotidienne dans un camp du goulag à l'époque stalinienne. In: Vingtième Siècle, revue d'histoire, n°43, juillet-septembre 1994. Dossier : Histoire au présent de la "political correctness" pp. 69-87
Comparing the performances of apes (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus) and human children (Homo sapiens) in the floating peanut task
No full textThere is no current external funding source. The internal funders (MPI) had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscriptRecently, Mendes et al. [1] described the use of a liquid tool (water) in captive orangutans. Here, we tested chimpanzees and gorillas for the first time with the same "floating peanut task." None of the subjects solved the task. In order to better understand the cognitive demands of the task, we further tested other populations of chimpanzees and orangutans with the variation of the peanut initially floating or not. Twenty percent of the chimpanzees but none of the orangutans were successful. Additional controls revealed that successful subjects added water only if it was necessary to obtain the nut. Another experiment was conducted to investigate the reason for the differences in performance between the unsuccessful (Experiment 1) and the successful (Experiment 2) chimpanzee populations. We found suggestive evidence for the view that functional fixedness might have impaired the chimpanzees' strategies in the first experiment. Finally, we tested how human children of different age classes perform in an analogous experimental setting. Within the oldest group (8 years), 58 percent of the children solved the problem, whereas in the youngest group (4 years), only 8 percent were able to find the solution.Peer reviewe
Práticas pedagógicas matemáticas numa abordagem vygotskyana com estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino médio: o ensino de funções lineares por meio do software Scilab
No full textApresenta-se uma pesquisa que investigou as possibilidades de uso do software Scilab, para criar práticas de ensino de funções lineares considerando os conceitos da teoria vygotskyana. O referencial teórico está embasado nos conceitos de sociointeração, mediação, zona de desenvolvimento proximal e internalização; além do conceito de funções matemáticas e do uso de recursos tecnológicos. O delineamento metodológico foi qualitativo e os dados foram gerados por meio de estudo de caso com alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Médio, a partir de uma oficina realizada em uma escola pública de uma cidade da serra gaúcha. A análise do corpus foi inspirada na análise textual discursiva de Moraes e Galiazzi, fazendo surgir três categorias emergentes: mediação, sociointeração, práticas e processos de aprendizagens. Os resultados
dessa pesquisa revelam que as práticas docentes para o ensino da matemática precisam levar em conta as possibilidades e recursos do software propondo tarefas que possam desafiar o estudante. Nesse sentido é indicado que o professor tenha um papel mediador, realizando intervenções, problematizações e discussões com os estudantes, a fim de que eles possam dar sentido e significado às atividades realizadas por meio do software. Os resultados ainda sugerem que conhecer os conceitos da teoria Vygotskyana de sociointeração, mediação, zona de desenvolvimento proximal e internalização podem inspirar os professores, influenciando as práticas pedagógicas para ensino de funções lineares no ensino médio com o uso do software Scilab. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]We present a research that investigated the possibilities of using the Scilab software to create teaching practices of linear functions considering the concepts of the Vygotskyan theory. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of socio-interaction, mediation, zone of proximal development and internalization; in addition to the concept of mathematical functions and the use of technological resources. The methodological design was qualitative and the data were generated through a case study with students of the 1st year of high school, from a workshop held in a public school in a city in the South of Brazil. The analysis of the corpus was inspired by the discursive textual analysis of Moraes and Galiazzi, giving rise to three emerging categories: mediation, socio-interaction, practices and learning processes. The research revealed that as teaching practices, teaching must take into account the possibilities and resources of the software for tasks that can challenge the student. It is suggested that the teacher has a mediator role, carrying out interventions, problems and discussions with students, in order that they can give meaning and meaning as media activities. The results also suggest that knowing the concepts of the vygotskyan theory of socio-interaction, mediation, zone of proximal development and internalization can inspire teachers, influencing pedagogical practices for teaching linear functions in high school using the Scilab software. [resumo fornecido pelo autor
La nomination de soi, entre catégorisation et intelligibilité : penser le genre
No full textÀ partir de données recueillies dans une thèse en sociologie (2008, 2010), l’article de Natacha Chetcuti s’intéresse aux manières de se dépendre des assignations normatives de genre et de corporéité à partir d’une dimension qui est celle du processus d’autonomination dans un contexte de situation minoritaire. Deux concepts clés constituent ici la trame de l’écriture. Le premier : celui de l’autonomination comme procédé méthodologique permettant de saisir l’effet de la norme en ce qui concerne le rapport sexe/genre et sa réinterprétation à partir de l’énonciation de soi en tant que lesbienne. Le second, qui fait suite à l’analyse empirique, à partir précisément du cadre interprétatif de l’autonomination, est celui d’un processus que l’auteur désigne sous le nom de « dés-hétérosexualisation ». Cette opération, constatée à partir de l’analyse des entretiens menés entre 2003 et 2008 auprès de lesbiennes de 30 à 50 ans, consiste dans la capacité à se nommer en tant que lesbienne et prend forme et sens dans la perception d’un corps qui se distancie de l’idéal normatif binaire de genre. L’autonomination de soi conduit dans la plupart des parcours décrits vers un processus qui s’oppose à la naturalisation des corps genrés pour produire des corps des-hétérosexualisés, composant ainsi un nouveau mode d’intelligibilité d’un « corps propre » en référence non plus à l’hétérosexualité comme principe de l’altérité, mais à celui d’une culture dé-médiatisée de la norme hégémonique. Un mode de l’altérité se trouve ainsi redéfini, qui ne se soutient plus du principe de la différence des sexes.Based on data from a doctoral thesis in sociology (2008, 2010) and drawing from a fieldwork conducted among lesbian urban communities in Paris and in Toulouse, this article focuses the ways through which participants (lesbian identified people) recruite gender and bodily norms in self naming and categorization practices. Naming practices are methodological procedures who capture the effect of the norms on gendered construction of lesbian self in everyday practices. Indeed the verbal coming out as a lesbian subject is intertwinned with a de-heterosexualization process, i.e. the emergence of a body perceived as an “own body”, a “lesbian body” in opposition to a naturalized, hetoronomative one. This new way of thinking leads the author to rethink a new relationship between practices and norms, to challenge the self vs other - homosexuality vs heterosexuality dichotomies and finally to reframe what we call “sexual difference”
Exercício físico e saúde: programas de intervenção de exercícios físicos sobre indicadores de saúde em homens privados de liberdade
No full textIntroduction: The Brazilian prison system faces various challenges, such as
unhygienic conditions, overcrowding, the spread of epidemics, and substance use.
These factors have been identified as the main cause of health problems among
incarcerated individuals. Intervention strategies that promote physical activity
among this group, can be a relevant approach to promote improvement in health,
reducing the risk factors for the development of some non-communicable
diseases. Objective: To estimate the effects of exercise programs on health
indicators in men deprived of liberty. Method: The dissertation is structured in two
studies. The first, a systematic review, searched the PubMed, Web of Science,
Scopus, BVS, and SPORTDiscus databases following the PRISMA guidelines to
analyse different physical exercise programs for the prison population. The second
study, a randomized controlled trial, was conducted in a penitentiary in the state of
Sergipe, Brazil. The initial sample comprised 50 volunteers, aged 18 to 56 years,
randomized into two groups: experimental and control. The intervention consisted
of a 16-week physical exercise program. Information on anthropometric indices,
cardiovascular response, quality of life, and psychological aspects was collected at
two time points: before the intervention and after 16 weeks of intervention, in both
groups. Descriptive analyses, between-group comparisons, and generalized
estimating equations were performed using Jamovi 2.2.5 and GraphPad Prism 8
software, considering p < 0.05. Results: Six studies met the eligibility criteria for
the systematic review, which showed overall positive effects of interventions on
anthropometric indices, physical fitness, cardiovascular response, and quality of
life. Regarding the randomized controlled trial, the final sample consisted of 28
participants and the results indicated significant differences between the groups. In
the experimental group, there was an increase in BMI (p ≤ 0.001) and group x time
interaction (p ≤ 0.02), as well as an increase in WHR (p ≤ 0.001) and WHtR (p ≤
0.001). Regarding quality of life, there was also a significant increase in the
domains physical aspects (p ≤ 0.04), emotional aspects (p ≤ 0.04), and social
aspects (p ≤ 0.02) showing improvement over time. In the control group, only the
vigor domain (p ≤ 0.01) showed a significant increase over time in the
psychological aspect. No significant results were observed for the cardiovascular
response variables. Conclusion: Physical exercise programs developed in
prisons and designed for people deprived of liberty can lead to an improvement in
different health indicators of this population. However, the programmes must be
developed taking into account the specifities of the target groups, based on their
characteristics and needs, in order to achieve better results.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESIntrodução: O sistema prisional no Brasil tem enfrentado inúmeros problemas,
como insalubridade, superlotação, proliferação de epidemias e consumo de
drogas nas unidades. Estes fatores têm sido apontados como os principais
desencadeadores dos problemas de saúde em pessoas privadas de liberdade. A
promoção da saúde por meio de estratégias de intervenções com incentivo à
atividade física, torna-se importante para a saúde da população encarcerada,
garantindo controle dos fatores de riscos relacionados às doenças e outros
agravos. Objetivo: Estimar os efeitos de programas de exercícios físicos sobre os
indicadores de saúde em homens privados de liberdade. Método: A dissertação
está estruturada em dois estudos. O primeiro, uma revisão sistemática, cujas
buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus,
BVS e SPORTDiscus, seguindo as guidelines do Prisma, com o propósito de
analisar diferentes programas de exercícios físicos destinados para a população
prisional. O segundo estudo, um ensaio clínico randomizado, foi conduzido em
uma penitenciária do estado de Sergipe. A amostra inicial foi composta por 50
voluntários, com idades entre 18 e 56 anos, randomizados em dois grupos:
experimental e controle. A intervenção consistia em um programa de exercícios
físicos, e teve duração de 16 semanas. Foram coletadas informações sobre
medidas antropométricas, resposta cardiovascular, qualidade de vida e aspectos
psicológicos, em dois momentos – antes do início da intervenção e após as 16
semanas de intervenção, em ambos os grupos. Análises descritivas,
comparações entre grupos, e equações de estimação generalizada foram
realizadas nos software Jamovi 2.2.5 e GraphPad Prism 8, considerando p<0.05.
Resultados: Da revisão sistemática, seis estudos atenderam aos critérios de
elegibilidade, os quais mostraram, no geral, efeitos positivos das intervenções nos
índices antropométricos, aptidão física, resposta cardiovascular e qualidade de
vida. No tocante ao ensaio clínico randomizado, a amostra final foi composta por
28 participantes e os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas entre os
grupos. No grupo experimental, observou-se aumento do IMC (p ≤ 0,001) e
interação grupo x tempo (p ≤ 0,02), além de aumento do RCQ (p ≤ 0,001) e RCE
(p ≤ 0,001). Em relação a qualidade de vida, também houve aumento significativo
nos domínios aspectos físicos (p ≤ 0,04), aspectos emocionais (p ≤ 0,04) e
aspectos sociais (p ≤ 0,02) apresentando melhora em função do tempo. No grupo
controle, apenas o domínio vigor (p ≤ 0,01) apresentou aumento significativo
quanto ao tempo no aspecto psicológico. Não foram observados resultados
significativos para as variáveis de resposta cardiovascular. Conclusão:
Programas de exercícios físicos, desenvolvidos em penitenciárias, desenhados
para pessoas privadas de liberdade, podem conduzir a uma melhora de diferentes
indicadores de saúde do público em questão. No entanto, é fundamental que os
programas sejam desenvolvidos consoante as características e necessidades
específicas da população carcerária, a fim de se ter melhores resultados.São Cristóvã
Ecologia reprodutiva de Hypsolebias auratus, um peixe-anual do Cerrado: subsídios para o manejo conservacionista
No full textHypsolebias auratus is a Rivulidae fish of high conservation interest, as it is classified as 'Critically Endangered'. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reproductive strategies of the species in captivity. Fifteen mature individuals were separated into six tanks, three containing triplets (two females and one male) and three with pairs. Each tank contained a nest, which was replaced weekly over five weeks; the nests were dried and preserved, and after 60 days, they were opened, and the eggs were quantified. Each egg was classified as diapause DI, DII, or DIII (embryonic development) and moistened to determine hatching rates. Unhatched eggs were moistened again after 30 days. The average weekly oviposition rate per female was significantly higher in triplets compared to pairs (p = 0.0333; α = 0.05). Of the total embryos obtained, 95% remained in DI and 5% reached DIII. Of the embryos in DIII, 43% hatched, 28.5% died, and 28.5% remained at this stage. No DI embryos hatched. At the end of the study, 84.4% of the embryos remained alive and in good condition. It is concluded that the reproductive performance of H. auratus is enhanced with an increase in the number of females, resulting in higher average oviposition rates. A better understanding of the reproductive ecology of this species contributes to the ex situ management of H. auratus and, consequently, to the conservation of annual rivulids as a whole. Enhancing ex situ management is one of the important strategies in the conservation of highly threatened species, such as these fishes.Hypsolebias auratus es un pez Rivulidae de alto interés de conservación, clasificado como 'En Peligro Crítico'. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las estrategias reproductivas de la especie en cautiverio. Quince individuos maduros fueron separados en seis tanques, tres conteniendo tríos (dos hembras y un macho) y tres con parejas. Cada tanque contenía un nido, que fue reemplazado semanalmente durante cinco semanas; los nidos fueron secados y preservados, y después de 60 días, fueron abiertos y los huevos fueron cuantificados. Cada huevo fue clasificado como diapausa DI, DII o DIII (desarrollo embrionario) y humedecido para determinar las tasas de eclosión. Los huevos no eclosionados fueron humedecidos nuevamente después de 30 días. La tasa promedio de oviposición semanal por hembra fue significativamente mayor en los tríos en comparación con las parejas (p = 0,0333; α = 0,05). Del total de embriones obtenidos, el 95% permaneció en DI y el 5% alcanzó DIII. De los embriones en DIII, el 43% eclosionó, el 28,5% murió y el 28,5% permaneció sin eclosionar. Ningún embrión en DI eclosionó. Al final del estudio, el 84,4% de los embriones permanecieron vivos y en buenas condiciones. Se concluye que el rendimiento reproductivo de H. auratus se mejora con el aumento del número de hembras en relación con los machos, lo que resulta en tasas promedio de oviposición más altas. Comprender mejor la ecología reproductiva de esta especie contribuye al manejo ex situ de H. auratus y, en consecuencia, a la conservación de los rivulídeos anuales en su conjunto. Mejorar el manejo ex situ es una de las estrategias más importantes en la conservación de especies altamente amenazadas, como es el caso de estos peces.Hypsolebias auratus é um peixe Rivulidae com elevado interesse de conservação, pois se encontra ‘‘Criticamente em Perigo’’. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as estratégias reprodutivas da espécie em cativeiro. Quinze indivíduos maduros foram separados em seis aquários, três contendo trisais (duas fêmeas e um macho) e três com casais. Cada aquário continha um ninho que foi substituído semanalmente durante cinco semanas; os ninhos foram secos e conservados e, após 60 dias, abertos e os ovos quantificados. Cada ovo foi classificado em diapausa DI, DII ou DIII (desenvolvimento embrionário) e molhado para determinar as taxas de eclosão. Os ovos não eclodidos foram remolhados após 30 dias. A taxa média de oviposição semanal por fêmea foi significativamente superior nos trisais em relação aos casais (p = 0,0333; α = 0,05). Do total de embriões obtidos, 95% permaneceram em DI e 5% alcançaram DIII. Dos embriões em DIII, 43% eclodiram, 28,5% morreram e 28,5% não eclodiram. Nenhum embrião em DI eclodiu. Ao término do estudo, 84,4% dos embriões permaneceram vivos, em boas condições. Conclui-se que o desempenho reprodutivo de H. auratus é melhorado com o aumento do número de fêmeas em relação a machos, resultando em maiores taxas médias de oviposição. Compreender melhor a ecologia reprodutiva dessa espécie contribui no manejo ex situ de H. auratus e, consequentemente, na conservação de rivulídeos anuais como um todo. Aprimorar o manejo ex situ é uma das importantes estratégias na conservação de espécies altamente ameaçadas, como é o caso desses peixes
Viseu uma perspetiva da morte na Idade Média: A Necrópole de S Miguel de Fetal
No full textO sítio arqueológico da Necrópole Medieval de S. Miguel de Fetal encontra-se localizado na cidade de Viseu e está associado à igreja designada com o mesmo nome. Trata-se de uma necrópole associada à igreja anterior à construção do século XVIII que ali se levanta atualmente. O local foi alvo de escavações arqueológicas entre 2013 e 2014 que visavam reconhecer as estruturas anteriores à atual igreja, já que o local se encontrava associado a uma igreja que poderia remontar ao século X. A intervenção arqueológica possibilitou a identificação dos restos de uma igreja, a que estaria associada a necrópole alvo deste estudo. A sequência ocupacional daquele espaço veio revelar que a área estava ocupada, pelo menos, desde finais do período romano. A igreja alto-medieval terá integrado restos de um edifício anterior, provavelmente um mausoléu ou mesmo um espaço religioso anterior, já que foi ali identificada uma sepultura (sepultura 10), e esteve em uso até à época tardomedieval/moderna. As campanhas arqueológicas realizadas permitiram a recuperação de cerca de 26 indivíduos, com idades superiores aos 12 anos. Os vestígios biológicos apresentaram-se dispersos e sem conexão anatómica, o que comprova o profundo revolvimento de solos, motivado pelas diversas intervenções naquele espaço. Entre estas, os trabalhos de obra levados a cabo no século XVIII para a construção da atual igreja, forma os mais lesivos para os vestígios das fases anteriores. Neste contexto o espólio osteológico e funerário respeitante à necrópole encontra-se na sua larga maioria fora de contexto primário. Ainda assim foi possível recuperar diversos restos humanos e uma variabilidade de objetos correlacionados com o espólio funerário que estaria associado aos enterramentos.The archaeological site of the Medieval Necropolis of S. Miguel de Fetal is located in the city of Viseu and is associated with the church of the same name. It is a necropolis associated with the church prior to the 18th century construction that currently stands there. The site had archaeological excavations between 2013 and 2014, that aimed to recognise the structures prior to the current church, as the site was associated with a
church that could date back to the 10th century. The archaeological intervention made it possible to identify the remains of a church, which would be associated to the necropolis targeted by this study. The occupational sequence of that space revealed that the area was occupied at least since the end of the Roman period. The remains of an earlier building, probably a mausoleum or even an earlier religious space, have been integrated in the Early Medieval church. The archaeological campaigns carried out allowed for the recovery of around 26 individuals, with an estimated age of 12 years old and above. The biological remains were scattered and without anatomical connection, which proves that the soil was deeply disturbed. Among these, the works carried out in the 18th century for the construction of the present church, are the most damaging of the previous contexts. In this context, the osteological and funerary remains from the necropolis are mostly out of their primary context. Even so, it was possible to recover several human remains and a variety of funerary objects that would have been associated with the burials
- …
