1,720,965 research outputs found
The role of network regulation in the transition towards a low-carbon European power system
No full textIn response to global environmental challenges, the European Union (EU) has set itself a long-term goal of reducing GHG emissions by 80-95%, when compared to 1990 levels, by 2050. Essentially, the EU has established three key energy policy objectives related to the competitiveness, sustainability, and security of supply, which are underpinned by long-term energy targets. These targets include an increase of energy efficiency by at least 27% compared with the business-as-usual scenario, an increase of renewable energy supply by at least 27% of total demand, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 40% compared to 1990 levels. Due to the transition towards a competitive low carbon economy the share of decentralized and intermittent generation feeding into networks has steadily increased over the last decade. At the transmission level, large-scale wind and solar farms are becoming a common sight in rural and windy areas in Europe. At the distribution level, large shares of distributed generation (DG) systems, with capacities of some tens of MW are connected to the MV network while the electrification of mobility is steadily growing. The move towards sustainable electricity production, poses a number of technical challenges, thus electricity networks are currently undergoing a major transformation towards smarter, expanded, and upgraded grids. This transformation will require considerable investments and since network industry is a regulated sector, a number of policy and regulatory challenges will arise. Taking into consideration the recent developments on both the transmission and distribution electricity networks, this thesis examines the following issues: a) the impact of self-consumption policies and smart grid technologies on distribution networks, b) the influence of various market and regulatory factors on smart-grid (SG) investment in Europe, c) the impact of regulation, ownership and market structure factors on the adoption of ownership unbundling models in European power transmission networks. First, to explore and understand the complex technical issues arising from the increasing DG penetration several factors need to be taken into consideration such as the applied incentive policy schemes for DG integration. The adoption of different incentive policy design for self-consumption will influence DG adoption rates as well as different siting and sizing decisions from prosumers. Broadly speaking, incentive policy designs which enable larger reductions in the electricity bill, such as net-metering or net-billing, will result in higher penetration of DG as well as larger DG plants' unit size. Most importantly, these decisions by prosumers will have an impact on the maximum instantaneous power demand of prosumers and will potentially lead to different levels of network constraints. In this context, a redesign of self-consumption policies may induce changes in the site and sizing of DG units which in turn will affect the self-consumption patterns, mitigating the network constraint problems. The impact on network constraints could be different, depending on the characteristics of the distribution network itself. In rural network, it is only with a low incentive policy that voltage spread remains within the ±10% limit (0.2p.u.). On the contrary, urban networks, are less vulnerable to voltage problems but more prone to overloads, even when very low incentive policies are adopted. While the last few years, many European countries have revised their self-consumption policies, more drastic measures should be adopted. To this end, a redesign of self consumption policies should aim at creating incentives for instantaneous self-consumption rather than remunerating prosumers for the injection of net excess energy back into the grid within a metering interval. The issue of network constraints, calls for a coordinated redesign of DG promotion policies with network regulation, acknowledging the need for SG investments. SG technologies may provide concrete solutions towards a mitigation of network constraints issue. Second, the increasing loads from DGs and the associated technical issues will call for SG investments. SG pilot initiatives can be beneficial in many ways; allowing the evaluation of innovative technologies in a real environment (e.g. viability and interoperability) and potential behavior patterns of consumers as well as the broad range of diverse energy players' interactions. European distribution system operators (DSOs) will have an important role to play, as they are the ones expected to carry the main investment burden. Since DSOs are regulated entities that have to cover their costs through regulated revenues only, the unenviable job of balancing the expected benefits from SG investments with their capital costs will fall to national regulators. In this respect, regulation can have an important role in setting up a framework that fosters investment in SG development. Based on a review of the European regulatory status and using a dataset of 459 innovative SG projects, this thesis focuses on market and regulatory factors and performs a series of statistical tests to investigate how the different factor levels affecting SG investments in Europe. The results show that (1) lower market concentration in the electricity distribution sector (2) the use of incentive-based regulatory schemes; and (3) the adoption of innovation-stimulus mechanisms are key enablers of SG investments. Third, electricity transmission is an enabling technology that can be used to alleviate, to a certain extent, the challenges that variable renewable energy sources (RES) pose to the security of electricity supply in Europe. The European Commission (EC) in its sector inquiry of 2007 took the view that the European transmission networks were experiencing underinvestment due to the conflict of interest in vertically integrated incumbents. EC proposed ownership unbundling measures as a "remedy" to the underinvestment issue. In this context, the full ownership unbundling (FOU) requirement for transmission system operators (TSOs), may be a relevant aspect for the accommodation of the growing penetration of large scale RES in the transmission network. While the FOU model is by itself a ‘'drastic'' unbundling measure, implying a strict ownership separation of the TSO from the commercial business, the alternative unbundling models have frequently been criticized for their inability to provide a sufficient degree of structural separation and investment incentives. In this context, both independent system operator (ISO) and independent transmission operator (ITO) models have been have been described as stricter forms of legal unbundling rather than as pure ownership unbundling models. At the moment, there is relatively little empirical analysis regarding the determinants of ownership unbundling model preference. Using a dataset of the 35 utilities, this study carries out an econometric analysis, to understand the individual effect of institutional, market and technical factors on the decision to adopt an ownership unbundling model. In particular, regulation and ownership structure can have significant impact on the adoption of FOU model. The overall results show that (1) the use of hybrid and/or incentive-based regulatory schemes; (2) the presence of state ownership; and (3) the length of electricity transmission network can be associated with higher probability of a country to opt for a FOU regime
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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