1,721,328 research outputs found
The pidginization of Bobangi in the 1880s and 1890s
No full textBeschrieben werden die lexikalischen und grammatikalischen Merkmale des Pidgins Bangala, das zwischen etwa 1880 und 1900 im westlichen, nördlichen und nordöstlichen Kongo (die heutige Demokratische Republik Kongo) gesprochen wird. Dieses Pidgin bildete die Grundlage aus der sich nach 1900 im nördlichen und westlichen Kongo Lingala entwickelte, und das im nordöstlichen Kongo als „Bangala” bekannt blieb. Pre-1900 Bangala entstand aus der Pidginisierung von Bobangi im Zusammenhang mit der Ankunft der ersten europäischen Eroberer und ihrer west und ostafrikanischen Truppen. Zuerst werden die zeitgeschichtlichen soziohistorischen Belege für die die Entstehung von Bangala aus Bobangi und seiner weitere Entwicklung zu Lingala diskutiert. Die problematische Begriffe "Pidgin" und "Pidginisierung" werden ebenfalls diskutiert. Der Großteil des Artikels beschreibt dann die sprachlichen Merkmale des Pidgins. Dies geschieht auf der Grundlage von historischen Quellen, die die Sprache dokumentierten, wie sie zu jener Zeit gesprochen wurde, und auf der Grundlage strenger Datenauswahlkriterien. Zu den sprachlichen Merkmalen des Pidgins gehörten im Lexikon der Verlust der Funktionen von Tönen, die geringe Anzahl von Funktionswörtern, die Unbestimmtheit von Wortkategorien durch Verallgemeinerung und Multifunktionalität, Sprachvermischung und die überdurchschnittliche Verwendung transparenter Periphrasen; und in der Grammatik Reduktion in der Klassenbeugung von Substantiven und Abbau der Konkordanz in der Substantivphrase, Reduktion in der Subjekt Personenmarkierung, Reduktion in Zeit Aspekt Modalitätsunterschieden, Verlust von Wurzelerweiterungen und eine starke allgemeine Tendenz weg von der morphologischen Synthetizität hin zur syntaktischen Analytizität. Das Studium des kolonialen Kontexts und der Linguistik von pre 1900 Bangala ist für unser Verständnis des heutigen Lingala und des nordöstlichen Bangala von großer Bedeutung.Described are the lexical and grammatical features of the pidgin Bangala, spoken between roughly 1880 and 1900 in western, northern, and northeastern Congo. This pidgin formed the basis of what after 1900 became, in northern and western Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lingala, and what in northeastern DRC remained known as “Bangala”. Pre 1900 Bangala arose out of the pidginization of Bobangi in the context of the arrival of the first European conquerors and their East and West African troops. First is discussed the sociohistorical evidence given by contemporaneous sources for the emergence of Bangala out of Bobangi and its development then into Lingala. The problematic notions of “pidgin” and “pidginization” is also addressed. The bulk of the article then describes the linguistic features of the pidgin. This is done on the basis of contemporaneous sources, documenting the lan¬guage as it was spoken in its own time, and on the basis of strict data selection criteria. The linguistic features of the pidgin included, in the lexicon, the loss of the functional load of tone, the scarcity of function words, word category indeterminacy through generalization and multi¬functionality, foreign input, and more than average use of transparent periphrasis; and, in the grammar, reduction of nominal class inflection and of agreement patterns in the noun phrase, reduction in subject person inflection on the verb, reduction of tense aspect modality distinctions, loss or reduction of root ex¬tensions, and a strong general tendency away from morphological syntheticity towards syntactic ana¬lyticization. The study of the colonial context and of the linguistics of pre 1900 Bangala is of major importance for our understanding of present day Lingala and northeastern Bangala.Cet article offre une description linguistique des caractéristiques lexicales et grammaticales du bangala, le pidgin parlé entre 1880 et 1900 environ dans l’ouest, le nord et le nord-est de l‘actuelle République Démocratique du Congo. Ce pidgin a constitué la base de ce qui est devenu après 1900 dans le nord et l’ouest du Congo le lingala, et de ce qui dans le nord-est est resté connu sous le nom de «bangala». Le bangala d’avant 1900 est né de la pidginisation du bobangi dans le contexte de l’arrivée des premiers conquérants européens et de leurs troupes recrutées en Afrique de l’Est et de l’Ouest. Je discute d’abord les preuves sociohistoriques, fournies dans les sources historiques de l‘époque, de l’émergence du bangala à partir du bobangi, par après devenant le lingala. La problémati¬que de la notion de «pidgin» et «pidginisation» est également examinée. La majeure partie de l’article décrit ensuite les caractéristiques linguistiques du pidgin. Cela se fait sur la base de sources de l’époque, documentant la langue telle qu’elle était parlée en son temps, et sur la base de critères stricts de sélection de données. Les caractéristiques linguistiques du pidgin comprenaient, dans le lexique, la perte de la fonction distinctive du ton, la rareté de mots non référentiels, l’indétermination des catégories de mots par la généralisation et la multifonctionnalité, l’emprunt et l’utilisation plus que moyenne de la périphrase transparente; et, dans la grammaire, la réduction des classes nominales et la perte de l’accord dans la phrase nominale, la réduction des marqueurs sujet dans le système verbal, la réduction des distinctions de modalité, d’aspect et de temps, la perte des extensions verbales, et une forte tendance générale à s’éloigner de la synthéticité morphologique vers l’analyticité syntaxique. L’étude du contexte colonial et de la linguistique du bangala d’avant 1900 est d’une importance majeure pour notre compréhension du lingala et du bangala du nord-est actuels
Multilingualism as injustice : African claims on colonial language policies in the Belgian Congo
No full textThe Lingála-Kiswahili border in north-eastern Congo: its origins in Belgian colonial state formation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
No full textMeeuwis Michael. The Lingála-Kiswahili border in north-eastern Congo. Its origins in Belgian colonial state formation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In: Africana Linguistica 12, 2006. pp. 113-135
Beyond aspectual semantics : explorations in the pragmatic and cognitive functions of aspect
No full textIn this introductory chapter, we provide brief summaries of the different chapters and discuss the main objective of the volume, which is to explore the many ways in which linguistic and cognitive research can move beyond traditional semantic analyses of (grammatical) aspect. What unites most of the contributions is their focus on less typical contexts in which aspectual constructions are used non-temporally (e.g. for affective purposes, to mark the epistemic status of situations, or to shape narrative structures). Others explore aspectual systems in languages that are less well described and/or resort to multidisciplinary methodological approaches that are not canonically used in analyses of aspect. All contributions share the intuition that hitherto more peripheral facets of the study of aspect deserve to take centre stage in future research
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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