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Social business for rural development in Bangladesh
No full textAlthough Bangladesh is an agrarian country in character, having 73%
population living in rural areas, she is passing through a transition period in
term of economic growth. The present trend is that people of rural areas are
moving towards urban areas for seeking employment or are engaging
themselves in non-farm activities leaving agricultural activities. All these are
happening owing to better off of living standard and lifting from poverty
threshold. According to the World Bank Report 2013, as many as four crore 70
lakh people of Bangladesh are living below the poverty line and of them, two
crore 60 lakh live in extreme poverty. The poverty rate is the highest in rural
areas at 36 per cent, compared with 28 per cent in urban centre. In this
backdrop, it can be said that national development is not possible without the
development of these people. Leadership in power takes various steps for
development. But it is not possible for them alone. Efforts from private sectors
like non-government organisations, voluntary organisations as well as
individual initiatives can enhance the development pace for over all
development of the country. Among the individual initiatives, Noble Peace
Laureate, Professor Dr. Muhammad Yunus is the exponent of social business
which can lead Bangladesh towards development. This paper will discuss
definition of social business and its purposes as well as its impact on rural
development in Bangladesh
Attachment Issues: Microbes, Minerals, and the Persistence of Soil Organic Matter
Get PDFThe remnants of microorganisms are now understood to account for the majority of organic matter in many mineral soils. Despite the significance of this microbial necromass for soil carbon storage, we know relatively little about how the traits of microorganisms interact with soil minerals to determine the stability of microbe derived carbon in soil. Soil minerals differ in their surface area and chemistry potentially influencing microbial attachment, biofilm formation, and the persistence of microbial necromass. To address this knowledge gap, we grew twelve bacterial species from four broad groups of varying cell wall morphology (Gram positive, Gram negative, filamentous actinobacteria, and capsule-forming bacteria) in 13C-enriched minimal media with soil minerals (sand, clay, goethite-coated sand, and goethite-coated clay). The decomposition of heat-killed and dried necromass-mineral preparations was then traced in a 28-day soil microcosm experiment. Over the incubation period 20–80% of the necromass carbon was respired depending upon both cell wall morphology and mineral chemistry. In general, the necromass carbon from Gram-positive bacteria persisted longer than that of Gram-negative bacteria. Goethite coating on clay tended to reduce decomposition, especially for Gram-positive bacterial necromass (as only ~30% of the C was respired). This may be a consequence of anionic teichoic acids in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria adhering to positively charged iron oxides coating the clay mineral surface. Necromass decomposition was greatest for Gram-negative bacteria grown in the presence of sand (50–80% of the necromass C was respired) suggesting that these cells have difficulty forming stable attachments to sand surfaces. Taken together this work suggests that interactions between the surface chemistry of microbial cells and soil minerals may provide new insights into how microbes and minerals interact to influence soil organic matter persistence
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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