1,720,986 research outputs found
Replication Data and Code for: Economic implications of a phased-in EV mandate in Canada
No full textThe data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Economic implications of a phased-in EV mandate in Canada", by McKitrick. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details
Three Essays on Economic Growth and Climate Change
No full textNumerous studies have shown that the effects of climate change on income and economic growth vary within and among countries, which makes it crucial to develop spatially detailed databases. While climate data is available at the grid-cell level, economic data is typically available at the national level. This thesis focuses on developing and applying new climate-economy datasets at the grid-cell level using a combination of previous spatial economic datasets and infilling models utilizing air-traffic and satellite nighttime light datasets as predictor variables.In Chapter-1, we build new datasets which measure economic activity matched with temperature and precipitation data at the grid-cell level, to aid a more precise measurement of climate impacts on macroeconomic variables. Using the newly constructed datasets we estimate the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on income levels acrosscountries. We find that the marginal effect of warming on income tends to be small and positive but in low-income countries it declines as temperature rises. Marginal effects ofprecipitation on income decline as average precipitation rises and are more likely to be negative depending on income.Chapter-2 utilizes the datasets built in Chapter-1 to measure the impacts of climate change on income growth rates globally. We deviate from the traditional approach of dividing countries into a static categorization of rich or poor by allowing a continuous interaction between climate and income levels. Using both approaches we find that climate change has a small but insignificant impact on the economic growth rate of either rich or poor countries, a finding which is in line with recent studies in the climate-growth literature.In Chapter-3, we use the growth effects estimated in Chapter-2 to simulate income levels for countries across the globe for the year 2050 under a no-warming and a 1°C warming scenario. Defining willingness-to-pay for mitigation as the difference in income levels between the two scenarios, we find that it varies within a country, with richer regions having a higher willingness-to-pay than poor regions. We also find that the loss in world GDP by the year 2050 under a 1°C warming outcome would be small, approximately 0.1%
Three essays on empirical growth
No full textThis dissertation provides an empirical analysis of the two important factors that help explain the growth difference across countries. The latest econometric techniques are utilized to explore the potential nonlinear growth effect of two factors: financial intermediation and human capital. We also explore the environmental aspect of the income growth: the relationship between income growth and air quality. The findings are conveyed in three essays. One essay looks at the importance of financial intermediation on income growth. Our results show that the effect of the exogenous component of a financial intermediary development index on economic growth depends greatly on the definition and measurement of that index. Another essay investigates the contribution of human capital on income and productivity growth. We find evidence that human capital affect growth nonlinearly, depending on the stage of development of the economy. The final essay concerns the impact of income growth on environmental quality. In time series framework we find that air quality of city of Toronto is not driven by local income growth. But there is evidence that change of air quality Granger causes income growth
Three Essays on Environmental Economics
No full textThree chapters are presented in this thesis, each in the field of environmental economics. The first chapter studies voting outcomes when people differ in their private expectations about marginal damages and the policy maker proposes an externality pricing instrument that is either based on a static political compromise or on a state-contingent updating rule (McKitrick, 2010). We examine cases in which voters are honest (they prefer the socially-optimal price based on their expectation of marginal damages) or dishonest (they prefer either a zero tax or a maximum tax on a priori grounds, irrespective of marginal damages) or combinations of these two. We show that when all voters are honest a standard pricing mechanism that aims at minimizing political losses may never obtain majority support, but implementation of the state-contingent pricing rule always obtains majority support. We then examine whether dishonest voters would prefer implementation based on the static rule or the state-contingent rule. The second chapter examines the relationship between the social discount rate (a rate chosen by a social planner) and the pure rate of time preference (a rate chosen by a representative agent). We accomplish this by examining the slope of famous 'Ramey equation' with respect to the pure rate of time preference. In the literature, it is typically assumed the value of the slope to be equal to one, which is equivalent to treating the consumption growth rate to be independent of the pure rate of time preference. Our general equilibrium framework shows that this relationship is rather complex, and depends on the relative signs and sizes of elasticities of consumption and the growth rate of consumption with respect to the pure rate of time preference. We then examine a closed form solution case where we observe their relationship depends on exogenous parameters of the model, such as initial capital stock, technology parameter as well as time index. Finally, we empirical estimate the relationship by using the Time-Varying Semiparametric Smooth Coefficient model using U.S data from 1930-2014. We find that the estimate of the slope of the social discount rate with respect to the pure rate of time preference to be 0.84 for the United States. The social discount rate based on Ramsey equation is critically dependent upon future consumption growth rates and the pure rate of time preference. In practice, however, the pure rate of time preference is not observable, unlike with the consumption growth where past rates are known with certainty and future projections can be formed with some uncertainty. Ironically, numerous papers have incorporated and examined the effects of the consumption uncertainty but treat the pure rate of time preference to be constant and certain in social discount rates. The third chapter investigates the latter issue for various underlying cases in restricted and unrestricted frameworks. Overall, we find that the effects of uncertainty on the certainty-equivalent discount rate are critically dependent on the source of uncertainty and its assumed properties
OPTIMAL COMPENSATION FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTION UNDER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
Get PDFThis paper argues that policies based on economic instruments are preferable to command and control approaches for effectively protecting biological diversity. This is due to sources of inefficiencies because of informational asymmetries between the regulator and private land users. We propose a principal agent framework to design optimally structured and performance based economic incentives for private land owners.Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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