1,721,020 research outputs found
The dark side of counter-terrorism: the argument for a more enlightened approach based on a constitutional law paradigm
No full textDoes the fight against international terrorism legitimize Governments to overextend their powers, hiding their actions behind the curtain of secrecy? Are we at war against terrorists, thus needing to implement counter-terrorist policy through a ‘war model’, or is it better to stand for a ‘criminal law model’, implying a stronger respect for constitutional and legal principles? What is the role of courts in these challenging times? By trying to give an answer to these questions, this chapter aims at addressing the issue of balancing security and freedoms, focusing on two controversial counter-terrorist measures: targeted killings (TKs) and extraordinary renditions (ERs). An historical overview on these measures is instrumental to a more conscious assessment of their employment in contemporary counter-terrorism operations and of their dangerous implications on fundamental rights. Reference to lawsuits filed before national and supranational courts to challenge the use of both practices is provided, as well.
TKs and ERs are analysed – within the fight against international terrorism – in light of the “criminal law model” and the “war paradigm”. This leads to the conclusion that the use of such practices is neither compliant with one model nor with the other. In fact, in both cases, guarantees provided, respectively, by general criminal law and by the laws of war are widely disregarded.
As a consequence, a change of paradigm is desirable. In particular, the underlying idea of this chapter is that “mature” democracies should primarily rely on their constitutional guarantees and criminal law systems to combat international terrorism. In doing so, however, they should improve mutual trust and cooperation and exploit the potentiality of key international bodies, such as the UN
Judicial Independence in Italy
No full textJudicial Independence: Italian Perspectives, relazione al Convegno International Conference on Judicial Independence as Essential Foundation of Justice and Peace, International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace International Project on Judicial Independence, Moscow State University of Law, in Mosca, 30/5 – 1/6/201
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Military Detention and the Judiciary: Al Qaeda, the KKK and Supra-State Law
Get PDFThis Article touches on the choice of whether to use the language and tools of war or the language and tools of law enforcement in responding to terrorism. The principal focus, however, is on the limited issue of judicial review and military detentions. The Article reviews the case law created on this subject during the Civil War and World War II. Historical considerations are found by the author to be relevant and helpful in solving the incoherency of current legal responses to terrorism. For instance, indefinite military detention is not coherent with either the international law concept of violations of the laws of war (which would create a legal status as a POW) or with the notion of criminal acts held by the civilian courts. The author argues that the law being coherent is a first step in winning the hearts and minds of the disaffected portions of the world\u27s population. To bring coherency he suggests several solutions including repatriating citizens to be tried in their home countries if those countries have suitable notions of human rights, placing detainees into the criminal system with due regard given to the sensitive nature of classified evidence, and the final solution of waiting for the international community to- defined terrorist crimes as violations of the the law of war which would allow appropriate classifications of detainees
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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