1,721,043 research outputs found
Posiadanie własnego mieszkania a rodzicielstwo w Polsce
Full text linkPosiadanie własnego mieszkania to według Hobcraft i Kiernan (1995) jeden z warunków
realizacji decyzji o zostaniu rodzicem w krajach rozwiniętych. Znaczenie tego czynnika dla
decyzji o rodzicielstwie nie było jak dotychczas przedmiotem badań w Polsce. Niniejsze
opracowanie ma na celu częściowe wypełnienie tej luki poprzez przeprowadzenie badania
związku pomiędzy posiadaniem własnego mieszkania a przejściem do rodzicielstwa przez Polki
urodzone w latach 1971-1981. Zagadnienie to jest ważne ze względu na długotrwały spadek
liczby mieszkań oddawanych do użytku i znaczący wzrost cen mieszkań, jaki zaobserwowano w
Polsce po 1989 r. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz wskazują na istnienie silnej dodatniej
zależności pomiędzy zamieszkiwaniem we własnym mieszkaniu a rodzicielstwem. Analizy
pogłębione pokazują, że jest to w dużym stopniu efekt warunkowania realizacji wcześniej
podjętej decyzji o dziecku przeprowadzką do własnego mieszkania. Co ważne, wynajmowanie
mieszkania jest znacznie mniej atrakcyjną opcją dla osób planujących dziecko, porównywalną ze
zamieszkiwaniem u rodziców. Otrzymane wyniki te są zgodne z wynikami badań empirycznych
prowadzonych w innych krajach rozwiniętych i sugerują, że trudności z pozyskaniem własnego
mieszkania prowadzą do opóźniania realizacji decyzji o zostaniu rodzicem.1-2
Fertility developments in Central and Eastern Europe: the role of work-family tensions
Full text linkThis paper provides an overview of developments in fertility, family policy models, and intensity of work-family tensions in the CEE region in the 1990s and 2000s. It hypothesises that the intensification of work-family incongruities in the 1990s might have been an important determinant of the decline in fertility seen in post-socialist countries in the 1990s, and that the implementation of reconciliation policies in some of the post-socialist countries in the 2000s might have led to diversity in rates of fertility improvement in the region. It concludes by encouraging more in-depth research on the interrelationships between fertility, women’s employment, family policies and social norms regarding women’s work in the CEE region, all of which would help verify these hypotheses.1-2
Women’s self-employment in Poland: a strategy for combining work and childcare?
Full text linkThe paper investigates whether self-employment, which generally offers greater flexibility
with respect to the hours and place of work, is chosen by women in order to achieve a better
balance between paid work and family. The empirical research on this topic has provided
conflicting evidence. The shortcomings of previous studies are discussed and accounted for.
First, we investigate women's self-employment choices in relationship with childbearing and
childrearing, and we apply qualitative methodology to examine the motives that trigger these
decisions. Second, in the quantitative part of the study, we investigate the direction of the
relationship by analyzing whether self-employment encourages childbearing, or whether
motherhood leads women to choose a more flexible form of employment. Finally, we account
for the selection of mothers into the group of self-employed due to time-constant unobserved
characteristics.
Our results show that self-employment does not affect women's fertility decisions, but it can
become an attractive option for women after they have children because of the flexibility it
offers. Nevertheless, self-employment does not seem to be preferred to W&S contracts.
Instead, it is seen as an alternative to being jobless or in a "bad job" (i.e., one that is inflexible,
stressful, or demanding).1-3
Regulacje prawne tworzenia, rozwoju i rozpadu rodzin w Polsce
Full text linkDemografowie coraz częściej wskazują na rolę regulacji prawnych dla kształtowania decyzji jednostek w obszarze formowania,
rozwoju i rozpadu rodzin. Regulacje te określają koszty i korzyści podejmowania określonych działań. Na przykład, przepisy
regulujące prawa i obowiązki małżonków i partnerów w związku konsensualnym determinują koszty i korzyści wyboru okreśłonego
typu związku, dostęp do metod leczenia niepłodności wpływa na koszty odraczania decyzji o macierzyństwie, a stopien skomplikowania
procedur rozwodowych i związane z nimi wydatki finansowe określają koszt zawarcia małżeństwa i ewentualnego przyszłego rozwodu.
W związku z powyższym analizy zachowań jednostek w zakresie formowania, rozwoju i rozpadu rodzin powinny iść w parze z analizą
uregulowań legislacyjnych danego kraju.
Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia najważniejsze regulacje prawne formowania związków, podejmowania decyzji o dziecku
oraz rozpadu związków w Polsce. Przegląd ten stanowi tło dla analiz prowadzonych w ramach projektu badawczego ,,Nowe wzorce
formowania rodziny: kontekst społeczno-ekonomiczny, preferencje i wpływ na zadowolenie z życia''(FASMWELL). W opracowniu najwięcej
uwagi poświęcono bieżącemu stanowi prawnemu, z nawiązaniem do najważniejszych zmian legislacyjnych wprowadzonych w ostatnim
dwudziestoleciu. Omawiając poszczególne regulacje prawne, Autorzy odnoszą się także do sytuacji legislacyjnej w innych krajach.6
Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification
Full text linkThe country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation have been theoretically and empirically acknowledged to constitute important determinants of fertility and women’s employment. So far, however, there have been very few attempts to quantify these conditions into a single measure which would allow for comparisons across countries of the magnitude of the barriers encountered by working parents. The lack of such a quantitative index precludes the rigorous quantitative testing of the impact of the country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation on women’s fertility and employment behaviors. It also leaves researchers with no option other than to conduct simplistic analyses in which family policies or attitudinal regimes are linked with the outcomes of women’s fertility and employment choices in a descriptive manner. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap by proposing a quantitative index of conditions for work and family reconciliation (ICWFR). The index takes into account family policy measures, labor market structures, and gender norms that have been theoretically argued and empirically shown to be relevant for women’s fertility and employment choices. We also perform a series of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses which verify the robustness of the ICWFR to our assumptions, and which illustrate the range of the index volatility.1-4
The changing educational gradient in marital disruption: A meta-analysis of European longitudinal research
Full text linkA large number of empirical studies have investigated the role of education in the changes in
union dissolution in Europe, but these studies have so far produced inconsistent results. This
paper seeks to assess the relationship between educational attainment and the incidence of
marital dissolution by systematizing the existing empirical evidence on the topic. To this end, we
have conducted a quantitative literature review (a meta-analysis). This review allowed us to
assess the relationship in a quantitative manner and to investigate its temporal change, net of
the across-study differences. Our results illustrated that a reversal in the educational gradient
from positive to negative has occurred over time. The findings also showed that the change in
the educational gradient was happening in parallel to an increase in access to divorce. Finally,
the findings suggested that women’s empowerment has played a greater role in explaining the
changing educational gradient of divorce than the liberalization of divorce laws.1-4
Work–family conflict moderates the relationship between childbearing and subjective well-being
No full textMany empirical studies find that parents are not as happy as non-parents or that parenthood exerts a negative effect on subjective well-being (SWB). We add to these findings by arguing that there is a key moderating factor that has been overlooked in previous research, i.e. the level of work–family conflict. We hypothesize that the birth of a child means an increase in the level of work–family tension, which may be substantial for some parents and relatively weak for others. To outline such an approach, we estimate fixed-effects models using panel data from the Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey. We find that childbearing negatively affects SWB only when parents, mothers in particular, face a substantial work–family conflict, providing thus support for our hypothesis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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