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Born to die. Death clustering and the intergenerational transmission of infant mortality, the Antwerp district, 1846-1905
No full textIn the recent literature on young age mortality a considerable attention has been devoted to the phenomenon of death clustering: the unequal distribution of (infant) mortality between families. Infant deaths seem to occur in a limited number of families. So far death clustering has been observed many populations, both historical and contemporary. The causes of this death clustering are still very unclear. This is partly due to the fact that there are no good tools available to unravel the characteristics, causes, significance and consequences of mortality clustering. However there is a consensus that this perspective on mortality might yield new and relevant information, not only in describing and explaining the historical mortality transition, but also for our understanding of the fertility transition.This study examines death clustering in the district of Antwerp in the second half of the 19th century. The study has a double set-up. Firstly, attention is paid to the methodological aspects of clustering: the development and application of methods and techniques to measure and visualize clustering. Therefore infant mortality is first approached from the perspective of the loss of children within the family, then from the mortality of the individual child, and finally from the unequal distribution of mortality between populations. For the latter, the Antwerp analyses are compared with data from northern Sweden. This allows to introduce a new dimension adding to the debate on the causes of death clustering, i.e. the effect of infant mortality from previous generation to the survival of children of the next generation.One of the main results is that mortality rates of infants in successive generations are strongly correlated, both along the maternal and the paternal line. Those who lose their infant brothers and sisters, later on have a significantly greater risk to lose their own infants. This correlation is caused by a complex interplay of factors, such as socialization of educational practices and breastfeeding traditions, intergenerational inheritance of social status, regional influences, but also genetic defects. In practice it proves very difficult to detect and separate the combined contributions of these factors.A genealogical history of infant mortality is one of the reasons for the unequal distribution of infant deaths on families: the mortality of infants is clustered in a small number of families, in part because the parents of those families descended from families with high infant mortality.These findings have several implications, both methodological and theoretical. For the empirical reconstruction and the theoretical interpretation of mortality, death clustering, and the decline of infant and child mortality it is statistically necessary and theoretically useful to consider family characteristics. In turn this is crucial for explaining the demographic transition, the transition from high to low fertility and mortality.status: Publishe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
'Juf, dat is niet speciaal. Iedereen spreekt meerdere talen'. Kinderen over meertalig zijn binnen en buiten hun gezin. Een multi-method onderzoek in Antwerpen, België.
No full textIn the Dutch-speaking north of Belgium, the city of Antwerp is rapidly approaching the status of super diverse cities like New York and Amsterdam. In 2019, for the first time, there were more inhabitants of foreign descent than natives (Stad Antwerpen 2019). In 2016, 48% of the Antwerp population was of foreign descent. For the youngest age groups (0 to 11 years), this figure increases to over 70% (Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering 2018). With diversity in ethnic roots comes diversity in languages. In 2017-2018, 54% of the pupils in primary education had a non-Dutch home language (Departement Onderwijs 2019, online). According to Child and Family, 57% of the mothers of newborns in 2018 in Antwerp did not primarily speak Dutch with their child.
Thus, for many young Antwerpers, Dutch is only one of the languages they hear, understand and/or speak on a daily basis. Though this concept is defined in a variety of ways, people who are proficient in multiple languages are generally referred to as multilinguals (Butler and Hakuta 2013). During the past decade, the surge in multilingualism in Belgium has sparked scientific research to investigate the impact of having another mother tongue on children's educational careers and ethnic identification. However, far less attention has been paid to disentangling within-family dynamics related to language practice, management and ideology within the families of these children.
However, children's transformation into multilinguals might also have important consequences for the families in which they grow up. In some families, parents and children end up using different languages to communicate with each other. In other families, parents dissert their native tongue by adopting a "Dutch only" language practice at home and in still other families, members strive to keep the heritage language a vibrant part of the family's daily life. Currently, little research exists on how multilingual childrearing affects family well-being (e.g. cohesion and conflict), and many important issues regarding multilingual families, such as the difference between instrumental and emotional languages, have not yet been thoroughly explored (Wang, 2013). Furthermore, not only has the family setting of the child been left out of the picture, researchers have also passed by the impact of children's agency as individual actors in shaping their language settings, largely foregoing the bidirectionality of within-family processes.
The purpose of this study is threefold: 1) shed light on the various language characteristics (language practice, language attitudes and language management) of multilingual children and their families; 2) explore the consequences of these language characteristics on children's evaluations of their family relations and their individual well-being; 3) investiga the micro and macro processes connecting in- and output.
The data presented in the manuscript are based on the Multilingualism in Antwerp (MInA) project. MInA is a multiple-method study, combining survey and focus group data. The study wasset up as a sequential explanatory design. In a first phase, an online survey was administered to pupils from the 5th and 6th year of 19 Antwerp primary schools (n = 1049). In a second phase, several focus groups were assembled in selected schools to explore children's experiences of multilingualism within and beyond their families.status: Publishe
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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