532 research outputs found
Journées d'étude : L'éditeur de textes est-il un auteur ?, 2 et 3 février 2015
No full textLes 2 et 3 février 2015 se tiendront à l'Institut de recherche et d'histoire des textes, 40 avenue d'Iéna, 75116 Paris, deux journées d'étude consacrées au sujet L’éditeur de textes est-il un auteur ? Réflexions juridiques et scientifiques à propos de l’édition critique. Elles sont organisées par Sébastien Barret (IRHT), Paul Bertrand (Université catholique de Louvain), Aurélien Berra (Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense), Matthieu Cassin (IRHT) et Maïeul Rouquette (Université de Lausa..
gyrB database for taxonomic assignment formatted for DADA2
No full textThis dataset contains gyrB amplicon database used for taxonomic assignment of gyrB barcode sequencing performed according to the protocol described in “Emergence Shapes the Structure of the Seed Microbiota, Barret et al 2015”.
The database includes gyrB sequences from Public repositories of genomes and sequences (Ensembl Bacteria, NCBI, JGI).
- annotated genes gyrB (TIGR01059) at JGI (2014)
- annotated sequences gyrB at ensemblBacteria (2018)
- ampilicons extracted in silico from primers described in Barret et al 2015 from bacteria genomes available at NCBI in 2019
Fables de La Fontaine, Tome II
No full textTome I appeared in 1950. Printed on Vélin de Chiffon des Vosges. The pages are collected in a portfolio. As Metzner comments in Bodemann, the animals are humanized in clothing and posture. Humans are puppenähnlich. In the frontispiece of Acorn and Pumpkin, the philosopher gazes on the pumpkin with his finger reflectively upon his lips. The colors highlight the pumpkin and his red-and-white striped shirt. Is that the acorn off near his right foot? Metzner says that the illustrations are hand-colored. If so, the coloring agents generally add only one or two colors, often green and brown. Metzner counts twenty-two illustrations in all in the two volumes. Further illustrations here include these. The Hare and the Frogs (12) displays frogs wearing old-time bathing suits. The Stag and the Vine (47) is perhaps Barret's most successful use of color. CJ (62) chooses a surprising moment and approach. A monkey in business suit with wife and child presents a jewel to a bumpkin cock with a multicolored tail. The Worker and His Sons (95) makes him very decrepit and them somehow disengaged, while a female figure looks on from further away. Barret has fun with MM (110): she sits in a swirl of a skirt and contemplates the spilt milk on the path. With those high heels, striped socks, lovely skirt, and low-cut neckline, she would be thinking about looking good in a new dress! The Lion Grown Old (143) again follows an unusual approach: the old lion with shrivelled face chats with a monkey. My prize in this volume goes to The Fox and the Goat (158), which presents the fox as a cavalier with huge hat and sword, who looks down confidently, even arrogantly, on the goat in the well with his eyeglasses and wondering look. GGE (183) presents a wonderfully suspicious older man as he holds a knife dripping with blood and looks on the murdered hen. Well done again! AD (198) presents the characters rather than the exact fable situation. The dove is wonderfully done up with hat and parasol. The Thieves and the Ass (223) shows again fine use of color, though the situation may not be thought through well. One thief displays beautifully colored -- and even matched -- stockings and shirt. The ass resists the efforts of the clever third thief: should he in the fable? The Cobbler and the Banker (238) is another triumph: Gregoire is burying his money in the basement and looks suspiciously to see if anyone is watching. There is a reminder between the two title-pages that this edition includes five volumes and that only 2200 copies were printed.Language note: French#1576 of 2200Jean de La Fontain
Conflict and cooperation in managing international water resources
No full textWater is often not confined within territorial boundaries so conflicts may arise about shared water resources. When such boundaries lie within a federal state, conflicts may be peacefully and efficiently resolved under law, and if the state fail to reach an agreement, the federal government may impose one. Similar international conflicts are more difficult to resolve because no third party has the authority to enforce an agreement among national states, let alone impose one. Such international agreements must be self-enforcing. Efficient outcomes may emerge, but are not guaranteed. International law may emphasize the doctrine of"equitable utilization"of water resources, but there is no clear definition of what this implies. In the Colorado River case, the polluter (the United States) agreed to pay for all the costs of providing the downstream neighbor (Mexico) with clean water. In the Rhine River case, the downstream country (the Netherlands) agreed to pay part - but not all - of the costs of cleanup. In Colombia River Treaty case, both parties agreed to incur construction costs on their side of the border and share evenly the gross (not the net) benefit. This division may well have yielded a smaller net benefit to the United States than unilateral development would have, but the United States ratified the treaty. Negotiated outcomes need not to maximize net benefits for all countries. To some extent, inefficiencies can be traced to the desire to nationalize resources rather than to gain from cooperative development. The Indus Waters Treaty, for example, divided the Indus and its tributaries between India and Pakistan, rather than exploit joint use and development of the basin. Both efficiency and equity should be considered in agreements for managing international water resources. The 1959 Nile Waters Agreement between Egypt and Sudan did not reserve water for upstream riparians - notably, Ethiopia. A basinwide approach could make use of Nile waters more efficient and benefit all three riparians: Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan. Construction of dams in Ethiopia would give that country irrigation, would eliminate the annual Nile flood, and would increase the total water available to Ethiopia and Sudan. In negotiations over use of the Nile, the net benefits of basinwide management, and the ways these three riparians could share equitably in gains, should be demonstrated. In the 1980s, Egypt did not run short of water because Sudan did not take its full allocation and because Ethiopia did not withdraw any water from the basin. Increased water demand will inevitably create tension between the states.Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water Law,Water Resources Law,Water and Industry
Robert Barret and the Making of an Early Modern Occasional Spy
No full textThis article examines letters written by the soldier-author Robert Barret in 1581 describing his travels in France and Italy, while a runaway apprentice during the 1570s, that led him to the English College in Rome. Barret's letters constitute a valuable, hitherto overlooked source of first-hand information about British and Irish Catholics in continental Europe, complementing better-known sources by Anthony Munday and Charles Sledd. Barret latterly recast his travels as an intelligence-gathering opportunity in which he collected detailed information both on Catholic exiles (including Thomas Stukeley, Bishop Thomas Goldwell, and Cardinal William Allen) and on putative plans to invade England. The letters provide an exemplary record of the – not uncommon – experiences of someone compelled by circumstances to adopt the role of an occasional spy. This article not only analyses the value of the letters’ contents but discusses broader questions concerning the pliable, shifting nature of early modern intelligence and intelligence-gatherers
Impact of inter-microbial competitions mediated by the type VI secretion system on the dynamics of seed microbiota transmission to seedlings
No full textLes graines constituent la source d’inoculum initiale pour le microbiote des plantes. Lors de la germination, le relargage d’exsudats à proximité des graines déclenche une intense compétition microbienne qui joue un rôle moteur dans l’assemblage du microbiote des plantes. Ce travail de thèse vise à explorer le rôle de la compétition d'interférence médiée par le système de sécrétion de type VI (T6SS). Le T6SS d’une souche de Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, une espèce bactérienne transmise efficacement aux plantules, a été utilisé comme modèle d’étude. Ce T6SS est impliqué dans l’inhibition de la croissance de nombreuses espèces bactériennes in vitro, dont la souche phytopathogène Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc8004). Cette inhibition de croissance bactérienne est corrélée à la proximité phylogénétique et métabolique entre S. rhizophilaet les espèces bactériennes testées. L’activité antimicrobienne du T6SS de S. rhizophila limite la transmission de Xcc8004 de la graine de radis à la plantule en conditions gnotobiotiques. Cette activité module également la dynamique d’assemblage des communautés bactériennes lors de la transition graine-plantule en sol non stérile. La composition du consortium microbien co-inoculé sur graine influence l’avantage compétitif conféré par le T6SS à S. rhizophila. La compétition d’interférence médiée par le T6SS intervient donc bien dans la dynamique d’assemblage du microbiote des plantes et l'inoculation de consortiums bactériens composés de bactéries porteuses de T6SS apparait comme une solution potentielle de réduction de la transmission des agents phytopathogènes aux plantules.Seeds represent the initial inoculum source for plant microbiota. During germination, the release of exudates near the seeds triggers intense microbial competitions, which play a pivotal role in the assembly of the plant microbiota. This thesis work aims to explore the role of interference competition mediated by the Type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS of a strain of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, a bacterium efficiently transmitted to seedlings, was used as a study model. This T6SS inhibits the growth of many bacterial species in vitro, including the phytopathogenic strain Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc8004). This inhibition of bacterial growth is correlated with the phylogenetic and metabolic proximity between S. rhizophila and the tested bacterial species. The antimicrobial activity of S. rhizophila T6SS limits the transmission of Xcc8004 from radish seed to seedling under gnotobiotic conditions. Its activity also influences the dynamics of bacterial community assembly during the seed-to-seedling transition in non sterile soil. The composition of the co-inoculated microbial consortium on the seed affects the competitive advantage conferred by the T6SS to S. rhizophila. Therefore, T6SS-mediated interference competition plays a significant role in the assembly dynamics of the plant microbiota, and the inoculation of bacterial consortia composed of T6SS-carrying bacteria appears as a potential solution for reducing the transmission of phytopathogenic agents to seedlings
Expériences comparatives sur l'emploi des feuilles du mûrier greffé et de celles du mûrier sauvage, pour la nourriture des vers à soie... par M. Matthieu Bonafous...
No full textAvec mode text
The Brassica napus seed microbiota : assemblage, transmission and contribution to plant response to a soilborne fungal pathogen
No full textLe microbiote des plantes peut moduler leur fitness. Comprendre les processus écologiques qui dirigent son assemblage est nécessaire pour promouvoir la croissance et la santé des plantes via la manipulation de sa composition. La graine et le sol sont les deux principaux réservoirs du microbiote de la plante et donc essentiels pour son assemblage. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré que la structure du microbiote des graines de Brassica napus est surtout façonnée par l’environnement mais également par le génotype de l’hôte. Le produit de la coalescence des communautés des graines et du sol a été évalué avec des sols de diversité microbienne contrastée et des lots de graines distincts. Seule la diversité microbienne du sol module la structure du microbiote des racines et des tiges.Les plantules favorisent l’émergence de taxons rares issus des graines et du sol. L’influence de ces niveaux de diversité sur une maladie a été mesurée avec le champignon pathogène Rhizoctonia solani. Le sol de diversité élevée entraîne une réduction de maladie pour un lot de graines, révélant un rôle du microbiote des graines. Aucun lien entre le microbiote des graines, le microbiote des plantules et la maladie n’a pu être établi. La transmission de communautés synthétiques bactériennes a ensuite été mesurée. Leur inoculation sur graines impacte la diversité du microbiote des plantules et la maladie. La connaissance de la coalescence, la transmission de taxons rares et l’utilisation de communautés synthétiques révèlent de nouveaux leviers de pilotage de l’assemblage du microbiote des plantules etPlant microbiota can modulate host fitness. Understanding the ecological processes that drive its assembly is a prerequisite for promoting plant growth and health via the manipulation of its composition. Seed and soil are two main sources of plant microbiota inoculum and are therefore critical for its assembly. In this thesis, we showed that the structure of the seed microbiota of Brassica napus is primarily shaped by the environment and to a lesser extent by host genotype. The output of community coalescence between seed and soil microbiota was assessed with soils of contrasting microbial diversity and with distinct seed samples. Soil diversity but not seed diversity modulates seedling microbiota structure in roots and stems.Overall, seedling favors the emergence of seed- and soil-borne rare taxa. Impact of these different levels of initial diversity on a plant disease were monitored during inoculation with the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The soil of high diversity promotes disease reduction for one particular seed lot, giving rise for a role of the seed microbiota. No link between initial seed microbiota, seedling microbiota and disease could be established. The transmission of bacterial synthetic communities was subsequently monitored. Their inoculation on seed influences seedling microbial diversity and disease. Coalescence knowledge, transmission of rare taxa from seed to seedling and synthetic community using, give new inputs to drive seedling microbiota assembly and disease reduction
Deciphering seed microbiota assembly processes for limiting seed transmission of pathogen
No full textLa graine est le point de départ de l'assemblage des communautés associées au microbiote des plantes et va promouvoir le bon développement et la santé des plantes. L'étude de la structure du microbiote pendant le développement des graines de haricot et de radis a révélé que la Sélection était le principal processus écologique impliqué dans l'assemblage des communautés. Les facteurs de l'hôte et de l'environnement conduisent à la sélection d'un taxon dominant dont l'identité peut varier d'une graine à l'autre au sein de la même plante, mais aussi au cours du développement de la graine. La transmission de ces taxons dominants aux plantules n’est cependant pas systématique. L'analyse des déterminants génétiques bactériens impliqués dans la transmission aux plantules de l’agent phytopathogène Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) a révélé que la biosynthèse des purines était importante pour coloniser cet habitat. Enfin, la transmission de Xcc par les graines peut être limitée par une souche de Pseudomonas isolée de graines, grâce à sa capacité à produire une pyoverdine atypique lors de l'interaction avec cet agent phytopathogène. En conclusion, ces résultats constituent un premier pas vers l'utilisation de la graine comme vecteur d'organismes bénéfiques pour la croissance et la santé des plantes.Seed is the starting point of community assembly of the plant microbiota that supports plant growth and health. Investigation of microbiota structure during development of bean and radish seeds revealed that Selection was the major ecological process involved in community assembly. Host and environmental filtering drove the selection of one dominant taxon, whose identity varied not only between seeds of the same plant but also during the seed developmental stages. Seedling transmission of these dominant taxa was far from being systematic. Analysis of the bacterial genetic determinants involved in seedling transmission of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) revealed that purine biosynthesis was key factor to colonize this habitat. Seed transmission of Xcc can be limited by a seed-borne Pseudomonas strain that produced an atypical pyoverdine when interacting with this phytopathogenic agent. Overall these results pave the way towards the use of seeds as vectors of beneficial organisms for plant growth and healt
Fables de La Fontaine, Tome I
No full textPrinted on Vélin de Chiffon des Vosges. The pages are collected in a portfolio. As Metzner comments in Bodemann, the animals are humanized in clothing and posture. Humans are puppenähnlich. In the frontispiece of OF, the proud about-to-explode female frog is pregnant. That is what she is so proud of! Metzner says that the illustrations are hand-colored. If so, the coloring agents generally add only one or two colors, often green and brown. Metzner counts twenty-two illustrations in all in the two volumes. Further illustrations here include OR (12); BC (31) with a tight-rope walker; FC (42), where the fox wears an eye-patch; LM (83), which uses more red with its yellows; FS (94), which wins my prize; The Wolf and the Fox in Court Before the Monkey (127) with a pin-striped wolf that is extraordinary; TMCM (138), which features a country-rat with an eye-piece who manages to steal a chicken as he flees; MSA (171), with the miller riding in front of three beautiful young women; Death and the Woodman (182), which has the woodman lying on his wood on the ground; WL (217), another favorite, which has the wolf perched on a branch coming out of the water as he prepares to beat the lamb with a long stick; and The Cat, the Weasel and the Little Rabbit (224), which puts the scene in the cat's bedroom. FS has a supercilious female stork looking down on the sheepish fox as he leaves the table with its tall vase. The Justification is at the beginning of this volume, giving the number of this copy along with the details concerning the levels of the edition of 2200 copies.Language note: French#1576 of 2200Jean de La Fontain
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