1,522 research outputs found
The effectiveness of interventions to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children: a systematic review
No full textSevere acute malnutrition (SAM) arises as a consequence of a sudden period of food shortage and is associated with loss of a person’s body fat and wasting of their skeletal muscle. Many of those affected are already undernourished and are often susceptible to disease. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable as they require extra nutrition for growth and development, have comparatively limited energy reserves and depend on others. Undernutrition can have drastic and wide-ranging consequences for the child’s development and survival in the short and long term. Despite efforts made to treat SAM through different interventions and programmes, it continues to cause unacceptably high levels of mortality and morbidity. Uncertainty remains as to the most effective methods to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to treat infants and children aged < 5 years who have SAM.Data sourcesEight databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, CAB Abstracts Ovid, Bioline, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, EconLit EBSCO and The Cochrane Library) were searched to 2010. Bibliographies of included articles and grey literature sources were also searched. The project expert advisory group was asked to identify additional published and unpublished references.Review methodsPrior to the systematic review, a Delphi process involving international experts prioritised the research questions. Searches were conducted and two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were applied to the full texts of retrieved papers by one reviewer and checked independently by a second. Included studies were mapped to the research questions. Data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Differences in opinion were resolved through discussion at each stage. Studies were synthesised through a narrative review with tabulation of the results.ResultsA total of 8954 records were screened, 224 full-text articles were retrieved, and 74 articles (describing 68 studies) met the inclusion criteria and were mapped. No evidence focused on treatment of children with SAM who were human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive, and no good-quality or adequately reported studies assessed treatments for SAM among infants < 6 months old. One randomised controlled trial investigated fluid resuscitation solutions for shock, with none adequately treating shock. Children with acute diarrhoea benefited from the use of hypo-osmolar oral rehydration solution (H-ORS) compared with the standard World Health Organization-oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS). WHO-ORS was not significantly different from rehydration solution for malnutrition (ReSoMal), but the safety of ReSoMal was uncertain. A rice-based ORS was more beneficial than glucose-based ORSs, and provision of zinc plus a WHO-ORS had a favourable impact on diarrhoea and need for ORS. Comparisons of different diets in children with persistent diarrhoea produced conflicting findings. For treating infection, comparison of amoxicillin with ceftriaxone during inpatient therapy, and routine provision of antibiotics for 7 days versus no antibiotics during outpatient therapy of uncomplicated SAM, found that neither had a significant effect on recovery at the end of follow-up. No evidence mapped to the next three questions on factors that affect sustainability of programmes, long-term survival and readmission rates, the clinical effectiveness of management strategies for treating children with comorbidities such as tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori infection and the factors that limit the full implementation of treatment programmes. Comparison of treatment for SAM in different settings showed that children receiving inpatient care appear to do as well as those in ambulatory or home settings on anthropometric measures and response time to treatment. Longer-term follow-up showed limited differences between the different settings. The majority of evidence on methods for correcting micronutrient deficiencies considered zinc supplements; however, trials were heterogeneous and a firm conclusion about zinc was not reached. There was limited evidence on either supplementary potassium or nicotinic acid (each produced some benefits), and nucleotides (not associated with benefits). Evidence was identified for four of the five remaining questions, but not assessed because of resource limitation.LimitationsThe systematic review focused on key questions prioritised through a Delphi study and, as a consequence, did not encompass all elements in the management of SAM. In focusing on evidence from controlled studies with the most rigorous designs that were published in the English language, the systematic review may have excluded other forms of evidence. The systematic review identified several limitations in the evidence base for assessing the effectiveness of interventions for treating young children with severe acute malnutrition, including a lack of studies assessing the different interventions; limited details of study methods used; short follow-up post intervention or discharge; and heterogeneity in participants, interventions, settings, and outcome measures affecting generalisability.ConclusionsFor many of the most highly ranked questions evidence was lacking or inconclusive. More research is needed on a range of topic areas concerning the treatment of infants and children with SAM. Further research is required on most aspects of the management of SAM in children < 5 years, including intravenous resuscitation regimens for shock, management of subgroups (e.g. infants < 6 months old, infants and children with SAM who are human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive) and on the use of antibiotics.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Technology Assessment programme.<br/
Izvori informacija u dostupnim EBSCO bazama podataka za istraživanja u visokom školstvu u Srbiji = Academic research in Serbia and available database resources
No full textUniversities in Serbia have access to large amounts of quality information through online full text databases. Specific details regarding the world’s two most comprehensive full text research data-bases, Academic Search Premier and Business Source Premier are provided. The paper examines which databases are strongest in each discipline, and covers issues such as the availability of journals most-cited, full text formats, peer-review status, embargo periods, backfills, and other important facets. Additional information depicts reasons for tremendous increase in the availability of information in the Serbia, and the value that these resources bring to researchers in universities
An Analysis of Interpretive Framing in Literature on Students as Partners in Teaching and Learning: Data Tables
No full textData tables for the publication by Matthews, K. E., Cook-Sather, A., Acai, A., Dvorakova, S. L., Felten, P., Marquis, E., & Mercer-Mapstone, L. titled Toward Theories of Partnership Praxis: An Analysis of Interpretive Framing in Literature on Students as Partners in Teaching and Learning. Higher Education Research and Development
SAM-Melt_EA v5.0 (R Code)
No full textOverviewThe notebooks in this repository contain R code that has been used to investigate the influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on surface melt in East Antarctica.This work has been undertaken as part of my PhD with MISI and SAEF at Monash University, where I am supervised by Prof. Andrew Mackintosh, Dr. Felicity McCormack, and Dr. Richard Jones. The work has also been supported by co-author Dr. Christiaan van Dalum (IMAU, Utrecht University).This project uses output from the RACMO2.3p3 regional climate model to identify spatiotemporal variability in the SAM-Melt relationship, and to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for the relationship. An accompanying manuscript is currently under review for publication.Code & InstructionsThis project uses the R programming language and was written using RStudio, on both Windows 10 and MacOS 14.1. It uses the renv package to help with portability / replicability.The code here can also be found on GitHub in the SAM-Melt_EA repository, and is tagged as Version v5.0. See the "README.md" file on GitHub for more information about the project and the repository set-up, plus where to download the necessary raw data. In particular, it is necessary to download the RACMO2.3p3 data, available online at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639053.NOTE: This version of the code (v5.0) makes some minor changes to the formatting of the v4.1 figures following the first stage of the peer review process, and includes more comments and notes in the code.Note: In addition to standard R packages from CRAN, it will be necessary to install 5 packages from my GitHub page. These packages (and the version used in this project) are:polarcm (v0.1.3) eases use of output from the polar regional climate models RACMO and MARterrapin (v0.1.1) spinoff from terra that eases handling dates for spatial datafiguR (v0.1.2) for easy-to-customise figureskulaR (v0.1.5) a wrapper around khroma to ease colour management in plotsdomR (v0.1.5) functions for easing how I approach a project with R</p
Disarmament in the context of the international economic order
No full textThis paper focuses on an economic aspect of the disarmament question: the international market of armaments. I shall explore the thesis that arms trade is an increasingly important factor in North-South economic relations, that it affects not only international trade patterns, but also through trade, domestic patterns of economic development. Research assistance for this work was provided by Michael de Mello at Columbia University. In addition to the statistical sources in the references I shall be drawing as well on the results of a UNITAR study on technology, domestic distribution and North-South relations. (1)disarmament; armament; international market; international disarmament; arms trade; arms market; north; south; North-South; international trade; international trade patterns; domestic patterns of economic development; development; domestic economy; economic development; UNITAR; domestic distribution; technology; economic order; international economic order; export; import; commodity trade; trade patterns;
The criminal repeat offender in Dallas
No full textPurpose:
The purpose of this study is to analyze the criminal offender in the city of Dallas and to analyze those functions of the criminal justice system that attempt to control these offenders. This study deals with the persons who commit criminal offenses and will not attempt to determine the causes for criminal behavior.
The primary purpose is to determine who commits criminal acts; the first offender or the repeat offender. Analysis is made to determine why the repeat offender is able to continue his criminal behavior in spite of society's efforts to correct him.
Methods:
The major data collection portions of this research are in four distinct parts: (1) a review of the literature on recidivism from the law enforcement standpoint--this includes information from published work, official documents of criminal justice agencies, and documented case histories of Dallas offenders; (2) an analysis and summation of statistical information on all of the Dallas County offenders now incarcerated in the Texas Department of Corrections--this includes a review of social characteristics, offense information, and criminal histories of these offenders; (3) personal interviews with Dallas County offenders who were convicted and sentenced to prison--this effort is presented to expand on the information gained in the statistical analysis mentioned in number (2) above; and (4) an analysis of a substantial number of offenders against whom criminal charges have been filed by the Dallas Police Department to determine their criminal histories and their experience in the criminal justice system—this also includes a review of the time delays within the system and the dismissals that occur from time of entry to the time of exit from the criminal justice system.
Findings:
1.
Sixty percent of the persons charged with a criminal offense by the Dallas Police Department are repeat offenders.
2.
Repeat offenders account for ninety percent of the multiple case clearances investigated by the Dallas Police Department.
3.
Interviews with ninety-nine Dallas County inmates at the Texas Department of Corrections show that those inmates who were repeat offenders admitted fifty-five times as many offenses as first offenders admitted.
4.
Dallas Police Department files criminal charges with the criminal courts against suspects in fewer than one-half of the criminal cases cleared. The police are not filing all of the criminal charges that they could.
5.
A majority of all criminals convicted of multiple counts receive concurrent sentences.
6.
Cases take a mean average of 271 days to come to trial after being filed during 1971 in Dallas County.
7.
Many repeat offenders commit offenses while out of jail on bond because of delay in trial
How can design methodologies build strategic renewal in SMEs?
No full textMany firms develop successful businesses around competencies and over time these competencies can become core rigidities and barriers to new ways of working. This paper investigates how firms respond to a design innovation program apply design methodologies to their business. Early findings from a study of companies engaged in a design innovation program indicate that applying design principles to multiple aspects of their business provides a new strategic focus, tools for a better understanding of their business and the marketplace, new economic activity, awareness of the need for an innovative culture and strategic renewal
An empirical study of New York State's 1973 drug law through police attitudes and impact analysis
No full textThe objective of this study were: (1) to determine the impact of the New York 1973 drug law on drug trends in and around New York State; (2) to determine police attitudes about the new law and about drug behavior from their professional experience; (3) to determine from both the impact analysis and police attitudes, if the new law was an effective instrument of drug control. Methods The methods used in this study were: (1) the collection of data from in and around New York State that had any relevance to determining the impact of the new drug law; (2) the design and distribution of a questionnaire to a sample group of members from the Monroe County Sheriff’s Department, Rochester, New York; and (3) conducting a computer analysis of this data with regard to frequency and percentage distributions. Findings 1. The study indicated that many criminal justice practitioners, including judges, prosecutors and police officials, have declared the law to be an ineffective instrument of drug control. 2. The law has not deterred drug use nor has it successfully eliminated the source of drug supply. 3. Drugs have been forced further underground and are less detectable to enforcement operatives. 4. The law was found to have frightened addicts away from seeking treatment. 5. The enforcement effort was found to be still directed towards the addict which is contrary to the stated rationale of the new law. 6. The has been a reported increase in the use of alcohol by school age youth. 7. The number of drug arrests around the state have remained about the same with the only change occurring in the type of charge; an increase of felony charges because of the new law’s penalty structure. 8. An increase of drug dealing has been occurring in areas surrounding New York State which have reported disruption of record drug transactions. 9. The increased penalties of the new law have resulted in a backlog of cases that have put a strain on the criminal justice system. 10. The new law has successfully eliminated the amateur dealer and forced users to deal with organized crime and the hard core drug subculture. 11. The results of the police attitude survey have generally supported the findings previously noted. 12. From both an analysis of the law’s impact and a police attitude assessment, the law has proven to be an ineffective and unproductive instrument of drug control
Sam fox trot
No full textGift of Dr. Mary Jane Esplen.Piano [instrumentation]C major [key]Ragtime piano solo [form/genre]Fox [illustration]Dedicated to Irving C. Perkins [dedication]W [engraver]Publisher's advertisement on back cover [note
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