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A population-based study of the epidemiology and influence of community violence on self-harm in California, 2005-2013
Full text linkSelf-harm is a leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in the United States and rates are increasing for reasons that are not well-understood. There is an urgent need to better understand the distribution and determinants of these worrisome trends and to identify effective interventions to mitigate rising rates of self-harm. A better understanding of the contribution of community-level contextual factors to self-harm incidence may help inform the design of effective prevention efforts. Community violence is an important social contextual factor that may affect self-harm, but studies to date are generally limited to small samples of adolescents and nonfatal, self-reported exposures and outcomes. Existing studies also suffer methodological limitations due to the strong correlation between community violence and other social contextual determinants of health such as income inequality.The main objective of this dissertation was to characterize the epidemiology of self-harm in California, a large and diverse state with self-harm trends similar to those nationwide, and to systematically assess the relationship between exposure to community violence and risk of self-harm in statewide data. My first aim was to characterize trends in the epidemiology of total self-harm (completed suicide, attempted suicide and non-suicidal self-harm) and fatal self-harm (completed suicide) throughout California between 2005 and 2013, with particular focus on changes in rates and means of self-harm by demographic subgroup. My second aim was to quantify the association of exposure to overall levels of community violence with risk of self-harm and to estimate the impacts of specific changes in the distribution of community violence on self-harm corresponding to hypothetical interventions. My third aim was to quantify the association of acute increases from expected levels of community violence with risk of self-harm and to estimate the impacts of eliminating acute increases in community violence on self-harm. To address these aims, I conducted three large, population-based studies: a descriptive study (Aim 1), a density-sampled case-control study (Aim 2), and combined case-control and case-crossover study (Aim 3). I used comprehensive statewide data on self-harm and community violence (homicide and assault) from death files from the California Department of Public Health Office of Vital Records and emergency department and inpatient hospital discharge records from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for the period 2005 to 2013. Cases included all deaths and hospital visits due to deliberate self-harm. Census-based denominators were used to estimate age-adjusted rates of total and fatal self-harm overall and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, county, and method of self-harm (“means”). Controls were the cases themselves (case-crossover), or California resident participants of the American Community survey matched to cases on key confounders (case-control). Community violence was measured as the rate of deaths due to homicide and injuries due to assault in the Consistent Public Use Microdata Area of residence. I estimated parameters that avoid extrapolation and capture associations of specific changes in the distribution of overall levels of community violence and acute, within-community variation in violence with risk of self-harm. Findings suggest that total and fatal self-harm increased substantially between 2005 and 2013 in California, rising 7% and 13%, respectively. Means of self-harm changed, trending away from firearms towards suffocation and drug poisoning. Overall trends mask substantial heterogeneity across subgroups, with particularly rapid increases observed for black, multiracial, and white Californians and some rural counties. After adjustment for confounders, reducing past-year community violence to the lowest monthly levels observed within each community over the study period was 30.1 (95% CI: 29.7 to 30.6) per 100,000 lower risk of nonfatal self-harm (approximately a 13% reduction in self-harm relative to the observed risk), but no difference in the risk of fatal self-harm. Associations for a parameter corresponding to a hypothetical violence prevention intervention targeting high-violence communities indicated a 5% decrease in self-harm at the population level. In the case-crossover study, 30-day periods with higher-than-expected levels of community violence were associated with a 1.2% increased risk of fatal self-harm (95% CI: 0.3, 2.1) and a 0.7% increased risk of nonfatal self-harm (95% CI: 0.4, 0.9). To my knowledge, this is the first study to examine trends in rates and means of fatal and nonfatal self-harm by detailed demographic subgroups in California, and the first to study the association of exposure to community violence with self-harm in a population-wide dataset. Reasons for large increases or declines in self-harm in subgroups need to be understood. Appropriate public health programming should address high-risk subgroups. Changes in means of self-harm away from those that theoretically can be restricted towards those that are not feasible to restrict highlight the need to address fundamental causes of self-harm. This study strengthens evidence on the relationship between community violence and self-harm and on the health consequences of community violence. Future research should investigate reasons for differential associations by type of community violence, type of self-harm, age, and gender, assess critical time periods of increased risk of self-harm, and determine whether violence prevention efforts have meaningful impacts on self-harm
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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