28 research outputs found

    Aline Sitoé Diatta : Chants Kassila et résistance en Casamance

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    Cette étude sur les chants liturgiques de la prêtresse Aline Sitoé Diatta, utilise la matière, ici les chants traditionnels de la résistance à la conquête coloniale en Casamance comme source pour élaborer une méthode de commentaire historique. Nous présentons le document qui est une transcription d’une chanson religieuse et offrons un contexte comme on le ferait pour tout document historique, l’archive par exemple. Quant à l’analyse, elle va différer. Elle tient compte du caractère vivant de la chanson traditionnelle qui peut être héritée par différentes générations, la décloisonnant ainsi de toute temporalité. Les chansons de celle qui est considérée comme une héroïne par l’Etat du Sénégal ont survécu leur auteur qui n’a résisté que pendant deux ans (1942-43). Tandis que les litanies ont continué à retentir dans la région jusqu’après les indépendances et même durant le conflit casamançais dans les années 1990 en mettant en avant l’idéologie de la prêtresse. Chantées pour invoquer la pluie, elles liaient aussi le phénomène météorologique d’absence de pluies à la présence d’une puissance "criminelle" (verser le sang) étrangère, le colon et le tirailleur sénégalais.To develop a method of historical commentary, this study of the liturgical songs of the priestess Aline Sitoé Diatta takes as its source material, in this case the traditional songs of resistance to colonial conquest in Casamance. We present the document, which is a transcription of a religious song, and provide a context, as we would for any historical document, such as an archive. The analysis will be different. It transcends the barriers of time and considers the living character of the traditional song, which can be passed on from generation to generation. The songs of the woman considered a heroine by the Senegalese state have outlived their author. She survived for only two years (1942-43). The litanies continued to be sung in the region after independence and even during the Casamance conflict in the 1990s, emphasising the ideology of the priestess. The litanies were sung to invoke the rain. They also linked the meteorological phenomenon of the absence of rain to the presence of a foreign "criminal" power (shedding blood), the coloniser and the Senegalese tirailleur

    Merce Cunningham and his Technique

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    This thesis approaches the personal life, artistic creation and dance technique of American dancer and choreographer Mercier Philip Cunningham. The first part focuses on the artist?s life stages during his evolution in dance from the beginnings of his choreographic work, and seeks the origins for the establishment of his own dance company ? Merce Cunningham Dance Company. A chronological overview of his extensive repertoire is also incorporated. The second part deals with collaboration, connection and interaction among the dance, music, design and film fields during the artistic work of Merce Cunningham. Following the author?s experience with Cunningham technique, the final part is directed to an understanding of this dance technique, its principles and specific elements used in contemporary dance world

    West African Women of God: A Response

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    Abstract This article, by the author of West Africa's Women of God, responds to five commentaries on my book. It raises issues about prophetic movements in West Africa, the role of women prophets, Diola religious history, and future research projects on Diola prophetic movements. Of central concern is Alinesitoué Diatta and her place within an ongoing tradition of women prophets of the supreme being. This tradition emerged from an older tradition of male prophets during the period of Portuguese, French, and British colonization.</jats:p

    Jachère et maintien de la fertilité

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    L'amélioration de la gestion de la matière organique est une voie possible de l'intensification de la production agro-pastorale des espaces conjuguant agriculture et élevage en zone soudanienne. Cet article s'appuie sur une étude de cas d'un terroir agro-pastoral de Haute-Casamance (Sénégal) et une revue bibliographique. Il présente : les sources potentielles de production organique : biomasse aérienne et souterraine, herbacée et ligneuse, des cultures, des jachères et des forêts ; les évolutions, contrôlées (alimentation humaine et animale, construction, énergie) ou non (incendie, activité faunique du sol) de la matière organique au sein du terroir. La matière organique est conçue en tant que ressource à part entière, à la fois bien et moyen de production. Dans la région, la jachère est avec la fumure animale l'un des deux outils de gestion organique de la fertilité des sols. Le maintien ou la restauration de la fertilité par ces pratiques est considéré comme la conséquence de l'établissement d'un flux significatif de matière organique, et donc d'énergie et de minéraux, à travers la parcelle. L'originalité de l'étude tient également à ce qu'elle intègre les échelles de l'exploitation et du terroir, qui, seules, peuvent tenir compte des pratiques très collectives de la gestion des terres, des animaux et de la fertilité afférente. (Résumé d'auteur

    Similar feeding preferences of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis in Senegal

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    This study in Senegal compared the feeding preferences of #Anopheles gambiae and #A. arabiensis while controlling for equal accessibility to hosts located outdoors under bed net traps. All fed #A. gambiae complex females were identified with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction and their blood meal sources were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 605 anophelines, including 281 #A. gambiae and 301 #A. arabiensis,werecaptured,32.2, were captured, 32.2 % in the human-baited traps and 67.8 % in bovine-baited traps. 30.3 % of #A. gambiae fed in the former and 69.7 % fed in the latter ; the corresponding figures for #A. arabiensiswere29.6 were 29.6 % and 70.4 %. Thus, when the hosts were located outdoors and made equally available, the feeding preferences of #A. gambiae and #A. arabiensis were similar (P=0.81). These results suggest that biases existed in previous studies, most of which suggested that #A. arabiensis was more zoophilic than #A. gambiae$. Alternatively, the feeding behaviour of these 2 species may differ in various parts of Africa. (Résumé d'auteur

    Determinants pedologiques, climatiques et socioeconomiques sur le choix des agriculteurs de la Casamance et du Senegal oriental a cultiver le riz de plateau

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    This paper investigates the determinants that may influence upland rice cultivation in Casamance and eastern Senegal. The main objective is to understand the climatic, pedological and socio-economic factors that explain the motivation of farmers in this southern zone of Senegal to grow upland rice. Various types of data were mobilized to highlight this study. These include climatic data (rainfall, relative humidity, maximum temperatures, minimum temperatures, radiation), soil data (hydrogen potential, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sodium, iron, cation exchange capacity, carbon content, sand, silt, clay) and socio-economic data (social capital, land ownership, human capital, physical capital, choice of farming activities, geographical location) were collected by SODAGRI, ISRA BAME and CIRAD (funded by CRP RICE), and by the author for study validation purposes. Complementary data from NASA were also used. Various methods were used: Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and a clustering analysis (K- means) on the principal components of the MFA applied to climatic and soil data; Logit modelling applied to socio-economic variables, and mapping for spatial analyses. The software used was Excel, STATA 17, R, R-Studio and ArcGis Pro. The results obtained indicate that the factors that could influence farmers in Casamance and eastern Senegal to grow upland rice are geographical location, soil factor, human capital, physical capital, livelihood activities, land tenure and soil typology

    Population genetics of An. arabiensis in Senegal

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    Variation at nine microsatellite loci was investigated to understand how #Anopheles arabiensispopulationssurvivethedryseasoninthesahelianregionofSenegal.Lowestimatesofgeneticdifferentiation(FSTequalto0.012,RSTequalto0.009)betweentwopopulations,250kmapart,suggestedextensivegeneflowacrossthisdistance.Despiteextremeseasonalfluctuationinabundancewithdryseasonminimainwhichmosquitoesvirtuallydisappeared,allelefrequenciesremainedstableovertimeinthevillageofBarkedjifromAugust1994toDecember1997(includingfourrainyseasonsandthreedryseasons).Theeffectivepopulationsize(Ne)wasestimatedtobe601with95 populations survive the dry season in the sahelian region of Senegal. Low estimates of genetic differentiation (FST equal to 0.012, RST equal to 0.009) between two populations, 250km apart, suggested extensive gene flow across this distance. Despite extreme seasonal fluctuation in abundance with dry season minima in which mosquitoes virtually disappeared, allele frequencies remained stable over time in the village of Barkedji from August 1994 to December 1997 (including four rainy seasons and three dry seasons). The effective population size (Ne) was estimated to be 601 with 95% CI (281,1592), providing strong evidence against annual bottlenecks. Differences in measures of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium between the dry and the rainy seasons were not detected. These results suggest that despite extreme minima in local density, #An. arabiensis maintains large permanent deme spread out over large area. (Résumé d'auteur

    Spécial quarantenaire

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    L'étude de la génétique des populations des anophèles du complexe #Anopheles gambiae s.l., principal vecteur du paludisme humain en Afrique a été entreprise au laboratoire ORSTOM de Zoologie Médicale grâce à l'utilisation de marqueurs neutres très polymorphes appelés Microsatellites. Une connaissance approfondie de la structure des populations de vecteurs et des flux de gène qui la régissent est aujourd'hui nécessaire afin de mieux comprendre et expliquer leur biologie et d'estimer avec précision l'impact des moyens de lutte actuellement mis en oeuvre ainsi que l'efficacité potentielle de nouvelles stratégies de contrôle de ces populations. Quatre populations d'anophèles ont ainsi été traitées dans cette étude. Les moustiques ont été prélevés en début et en fin de saison des pluies à Barkedji (Vallée du Ferlo) au cours des hivernages 1994 et 1995. L'ADN extrait de chaque individu a été amplifié par la technique de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) au niveau de trois loci microsatellites sélectionnés sur le génome d'#An. gambiae. Après dépôt des amplifiats sur gel de polyacrylamide et coloration rapide au nitrate d'argent, les génotypes individuels ont pu être obtenus et les différents lots ont été comparés en termes de fréquences alléliques. Le principe de cette étude ainsi que les résultats préliminaires obtenus sont exposés ici. (Résumé d'auteur

    Comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis (Diptera : Culicidae) in Barkedji, a Sahelian area of Senegal

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    The ecology, population dynamics, and malaria vector efficiency of #Anopheles gambiae and #An. arabiensis were studied for 2 yr in a Sahelian village of Senegal. Anophelines were captured at human bait and resting indoors by pyrethrum spray. Mosquitoes belonging to the #An. gambiae complex were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Of 26,973 females, #An. arabiensis represented 79% of the mosquitoes captured and remained in the study area longer than #An. gambiae after the rains terminated. There were no differences in nocturnal biting cycles or endophagous rates between #An. gambiae and #An. arabiensis.Basedonanenzymelinkedimmunosorbentassaytestofbloodmeals,theanthropophilicrateofthese2vectorswerebothapproximately60. Based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test of bloodmeals, the anthropophilic rate of these 2 vectors were both approximately 60%, when comparisons were made during the same period. Overall, 18% of the resting females had patent mixed bloodmeals, mainly human-bovine. The parity rates of #An. gambiae and #An. arabiensis varied temporally. Despite similar behavior, the #Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) rates were different between #An. gambiae(4.1 (4.1%) and #An. arabiensis (1.3%). #P. malariae and #P. ovale only represented 4% of the total #Plasmodium identified in mosquitoes. Transmission was seasonal, occurring mainly during 4 mo. The CSP entomological inoculation rates were 128 bites per human per year for the 1st yr and 100 for the 2nd yr. Because of the combination of a high human biting rate and a low CSP rate, #An. arabiensis accounted for 63% of transmission. Possible origin of differences in CSP rate between #An. gambiae and #An. arabiensis is discussed in relation to the parity rate, blood feeding frequency, and the hypothesis of genetic factors. (Résumé d'auteur

    Comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis (Diptera : Culicidae) in Barkedji, a Sahelian area of Senegal

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    et al. 1989 , Lindsay et al. 1993 , Toure et al. 1996 . With a long-term goal of using transgenic mosquitoes with reduced malaria vector competences for control, data are being collected on intra-and interspecific gene flow within the An. gambiae complex (Lanzar0 et al. 1995 Generally, An. arabiensis is considered to have an anthropo hilic rate, life expectancy, and vectoGillies and Coetzee 1987). Because of the methods of capture, the methods of identification of species rial capacity P ower than An. gambiae (Coluzzi 1984
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