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Bacterial diversity of Cabernet Sauvignon must from different locations and the dynamics during wine fermentation
Get PDFThesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wine grapes harbour a microbiota that drives wine fermentations that may contribute to the
chemical fingerprint of finished wines. The bacterial communities on grapes, in particular lactic
acid bacteria (LAB) conduct malolactic fermentation (MLF), which modifies the acidity, flavour and
microbial stability of wine. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial diversity on Vitis vinifera
L. cv Cabernet Sauvignon in three vineyards (VIN-A, VIN-B and VIN-C), situated in different areas
of the Stellenbosch wine district during 2019 and 2020 vintages. The Automated Ribosomal
Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) was used to evaluate the community fingerprint of grape
must. Bacterial population dynamics and diversity were determined in grape must and throughout
the wine fermentation by cultivating bacteria on nutrient media and using Polymerase Chain
Reaction and sequence analysis of the 16S region. Followed by the characterisation of a selection
of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni isolates from the 2019 and 2020 vintages,
which were subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing to generate genetic
profiles, which were compared to determine their recurrence in the various vineyards.
Chemical composition (pH, malic acid and sugar) of the grape must from each vineyard were
different for both vintages. The fermentations differed between the vineyards, the wines from VIN-
A was able to complete the MLF in 2019, while other vineyards presented stuck MLF.
Using ARISA, 117 and 116 peaks were detected in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Each peak was
considered as an operational taxonomic unit (OTU). The data showed some overlap of the OTUs
in grape must from different vineyards. Thirteen bacterial OTUs in 2019 and 8 peaks in 2020 were
detected in all three vineyards, whereas the majority of the OTUs were vineyard specific. Analysis
of similarities (ANOSIM) of the OTU data showed notable differences in the bacterial communities
between vintages.
The viable counts of the grape must differed between the vintages. In 2019, the total bacterial
population density in grape must ranged between 103 and 105 colony forming units per millilitres
(CFU/mL), while in 2020, the bacterial population density ranged between 103 and 104 CFU/mL.
A total of 360 bacterial isolates including both LAB and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) were obtained
from grape must and different stages of fermentation from all vineyards during both vintages. The
bacterial diversity differed between the vineyards and over the vintages. Five bacterial species
were detected in grape must from VIN-B and VIN-C and 3 species in VIN-A in 2019, whereas
2020 presented higher bacterial diversity and 6, 11 and 6 different species were identified in VIN-
A, VIN-B and VIN-C respectively. L. plantarum was found in grape must from all vineyards,
accounting for more than 50% of the total population. O. oeni was detected in grape must of both
2019 and 2020 vintages from VIN-B and VIN-C, where it accounted for 4% of the total population
in 2019. In general, the overlap of common species such as Apilactobacillus kunkeei and
Acetobacter malorum was observed in wine from different vineyards. Minor unique species were
isolated and clearly differed between the three vineyards. In addition, L. plantarum ISP20_9 and
O. oeni ISO20_1 were the only isolates that were recurring in both 2019 and 2020 vintages. The
L. plantarum and O. oeni strains showed different patterns of malic acid degradation within 7
days, indicating strain differences.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wyndruiwe huisves mikrobes wat die alkoholiese fermentasie dryf en bydra tot die chemiese
profiel van die finale wyne. Die bakteriese gemeenskap op druiwe, veral melksuurbakterieë (MSB)
voer appelmelksuurgisting (AMG) uit wat die suurheid, geur en mikrobiese stabiliteit van wyn kan
modifiseer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die bakteriese diversiteit op Vitis vinifera L. cv
Cabernet Sauvignon, in drie wingerde (VIN-A, VIN-B and VIN-C) wat in verskillende areas van
die Stellenbosch Wyndistrik geleë is, te ondersoek tydens die 2019 and 2020 oesjare.
Outomatiese Ribosomale Intergeniese Spasieerder Analise (ORISA) was gebruik om die
vingerafdruk van die mikrobiese gemeenskap van die druiwemos te genereer. Die bakteriese
populasie dinamika en diversiteit van druiwemos en tydens fermentasie was ondersoek, deur die
kultivering van bakterieë op voedingsmedia en die gebruik van die Polimerase kettingreaksie
(PKR) in kombinasie met volgorde analise van die 16S streek. Dit was opgevolg deur die
karakterisering van ‘n seleksie van Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni isolate van
2019 en 2020 deur gebruik te maak Ewekansig Geamplifiseerde Polimorfiese DNA (EGPD) om
die genetiese profiele op rasvlak te onderskei. Hierdie profiele was gebruik om te bepaal watter
rasse herhaaldelik in die verskeie wingerde voorgekom het.
Die chemiese samestelling (pH, appelsuur en suiker) van die druiwemos van elke kelder het
verskil vir beide oesjare. Die fermentasies het verskil tussen wingerde en die wyne van VIN-A
kon AMG suksesvol in 2019, maar die wyne van die ander wingerde kon nie.
Een honderd en sewentien en 116 pieke kon respektiewelik in 2019 en 2020, onderskei word
deur ORISA te gebruik. Elke piek was as ‘n operasionele taksonomiese eenheid (OTE) beskou.
Die data het gewys dat daar oorvleueling tussen die OTEs van die druiwemos van die verskillende
wingerde was. Dertien bakteriese OTEs in 2019 en 8 pieke in 2020 was waargeneem in al drie
wingerde, maar die meerderheid van die OTEs was wingerd spesifiek. Ontleding van
ooreenkomste van die OTE data het gewys dat daar noemenswaardige verskille in die bakteriese
gemeenskappe tussen oesjare was.
Die lewensvatbare tellings van die bakterieë in die druiwemos het verskil tussen die oesjare. In
2019, het die totale bakteriese populasie gewissel tussen 103 and 105 kolonievormende eenhede
per milliliter (KVE/mL), terwyl dit in 2020, gevarieer het tussen 103 and 104 KVE/mL. Drie honderd
en dertig bakteriese isolate, insluitende MSB en asynsuurbakterieë (ASB), was uit druiwemos en
tydens die verskillende stadiums van fermentasie geïsoleer van al die wingerde en oor beide
oesjare. Die bakteriese diversiteit het verskil tussen die wingerde en tussen die oesjare. Vyf
bakteriese spesies was waargeneem in druiwemos VIN-B en VIN-C, maar slegs 3 spesies in
druiwemos van VIN-A in 2019. In 2020, was meer bakteriese diversiteit waargeneem en 6, 11 en
6 verskillende spesies was geïdentifiseer in druiwemos van VIN-A, VIN-B en VIN-C, respektiewelik. L. plantarum was teenwoordig in druiwemos van al die wingerde en het bygedra
tot 50% van die totale populasie. O. oeni was teenwoordig in druiwemos van VIN-B en VIN-C in
2019 en 2020, waar dit 4% van die totale populasie in 2019 verteenwoordig het. Die oorvleueling
van gemeenskaplike spesies soos Apilactobacillus kunkeei en Acetobacter malorum was
waargeneem in wyne van die verskillende wingerde. Unieke spesies wat teen lae persentasies
voorgekom het, het ook duidelik verskil tussen die drie wingerde. L. plantarum ISP20_9 en O.
oeni ISO20_1 was die enigste isolate wat herhalend voorgekom het gedurende die 2019 en 2020
oesjare. Die L. plantarum and O. oeni rasse het verskillende appelsuur afbraak patrone gewys,
wat ‘n aanduiding is van rasverskille.Master
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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