1,720,953 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Interactions Between Microbial, Neuronal, and Immune Cells in the Digestive System
Get PDFThe intestine is the largest continuous environmental interface of the body. As such, it exerts homeostatic tissue functions, including digestion, sensing and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products. In performing these roles, the intestine faces the unique challenge of remaining tolerant to harmless or beneficial diet- and microbederived stimuli, while simultaneously protecting against pathogen invasion. To tackle these challenges, the intestine houses both the body\u27s largest immune compartment, as well as a vast neuronal network, the enteric nervous system (ENS). In concert with the commensal intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune and nervous systems communicate with one another, and this crosstalk was the focus of my thesis work. The studies as presented here are divided into two parts: The first part will focus on the influence of gut microbes on the murine ENS and its functions in host physiology. The second part will investigate the dynamic interplay between gut microbes, neurons and immune cells in the murine intestine during homeostasis and upon microbial perturbations. The human intestinal tract is home to ~10 trillion commensal microbes (Sender et al., 2016). The microbiota influences key physiological processes including nutrient absorption and lipid metabolism. Further, it has been demonstrated to influence the basal activity of intestine-associated cells, including the excitability of enteric neurons (Furness et al., 2013). Alterations to the composition of the gut microbiota have a potential role in systemic disorders including obesity and diabetes (Ridaura et al., 2013). Yet, the mechanisms underlying these effects of the microbiota, and whether they are mediated by components of the ENS, are still poorly understood. In addition, the cellular circuits and molecular components that mediate gut-to-enteric neuron or gut-to-brain communication remain largely unknown. We thus aimed to determine how commensal microbes influence enteric neurons and their functions to better characterize their role in tissue function and further sought to investigate how disturbances to the microbial composition – during microbial dysbiosis and enteric infections – impact the ENS and host physiology. Using translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP)-sequencing, coupled with confocal microscopy, we found that enteric neurons are functionally adapted to the intestinal segment they occupy. By utilizing germ-free mice, we uncovered a stronger influence of the microbiota on distal intestine neurons, correlating with the region\u27s higher bacterial density. Chronic antibiotic-mediated microbial depletion reinstated our findings in germ-free mice, establishing that specific subsets of enteric neurons, including those expressing the neuropeptide cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), are dependent on the microbiota for their survival. Notably, these changes were not permanent, as colonization of germ-free mice and replenishment of the microbiota of antibiotic-treated mice restored neuronal numbers and neuropeptide levels. We found that murine enteric infections with different pathogens led to lasting intestinal inflammation, functional disturbances and most notably, rapid and persistent enteric neuron loss driven by a persistent alteration to the microbial composition postinfection; however, restoration of a healthy microbiota was sufficient to induce tissue recovery. Mechanistically, neuronal loss post-infection and following microbial depletion was mediated by a novel form of enteric neuronal cell death, involving the non-canonical inflammasome components NLRP6 and caspase 11. In further characterizing enteric neuronal populations, we identified a subset of intestinal CART+ neurons that were enriched in the distal intestine and modulated by the microbiota. Through microbial modulation strategies and chemogenetic targeting, we found that these enteric CART+ neurons regulate metabolic parameters including blood glucose and insulin levels. Retro- and anterograde tracing studies revealed that a subset of enteric CART+ neurons send axons to the gut sympathetic ganglion and are synaptically connected to the liver and pancreas. Together, we uncovered a gutpancreas- liver circuit that regulates glucose metabolism by sensing microbial cues. This peripherally-restricted circuit offers unique neuronal targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, which would bypass central nervous system effects. We further aimed to better characterize the role of neuro-immune interactions in the context of enteric pathologies, including post-infectious intestinal dysfunction and neuronal damage observed upon enteric infections. We further sought to determine whether a state of tolerance could be induced upon exposure to enteric pathogens, preventing tissue damage during subsequent infections. Finally, we aimed to characterize the role of extrinsic gut-projecting neurons to understand their role in sensing and responding to luminal cues, including enteric infections. Using cell sorting-independent transcriptomics, confocal imaging, genetic gainand loss-of-function approaches, surgical lesioning, chemogenetic manipulations, as well as multiple microbial manipulation strategies, we identified a critical role for enteric neuron-macrophage crosstalk in limiting ENS damage induced by a single enteric infection. A population of tissue-resident macrophages residing in close proximity to enteric neurons responded to luminal cues by upregulating a tissue-protective signature, and mediated enteric neuronal protection through adrenergic receptor signaling, and an arginase 1-polyamine program. Notably, we found engagement of macrophage adrenergic receptor signaling to be dependent on local catecholamine release by gutinnervating sympathetic neurons. We further uncovered that these sympathetic neurons on their end are tuned by enteric microbes and microbial products, in that a healthy microbiota suppresses, and absence of a microbiota, dysbiosis and infection enhance their activity. Finally, we found that previous infection with unrelated pathogens prevented infection-induced neuronal loss during subsequent, heterologous infections, suggesting a form of innate immune memory, or trained tolerance . Of note, while enteric bacterial and helminth infections induced distinct immune responses, these converged at the level of tissue-protective intestinal macrophages, which mediated enteric neuronal protection, aiding host fitness. Together, this work identified a functional role for interactions between sympathetic neurons, tissue-resident macrophages and enteric neurons in limiting infection-induced tissue damage. Overall, the research presented in this work uncovered that the ENS relies on the gut-resident microbiota for its homeostatic tissue function, with influence for local intestinal function and systemic metabolism. Furthermore, through communication with gut-extrinsic sympathetic neurons, tissue-resident macrophages upregulate and maintain a tissue-protective program, which protects enteric neurons from excessive damage during primary enteric infections and prevents cumulative damage during subsequent perturbations
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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