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What Paradigms Can Webcam Eye-Tracking Be Used For? Attempted Replications of Five Cognitive Science Experiments
No full textWeb-based data collection allows researchers to recruit large and diverse samples with fewer resources than lab-based studies require. Recent innovations have expanded the set of methodolgies that are possible online, but ongoing work is needed to test the suitability of web-based tools for various research paradigms. Here, we focus on webcam-based eye-tracking; we tested whether the results of five different eye-tracking experiments in the cognitive psychology literature would replicate in a webcam-based format. Specifically, we carried out five experiments by integrating two javascript-based tools: jsPsych and a modified version of Webgazer.js. In order to represent a wide range of applications of eye-tracking to cognitive psychology, we chose two psycholinguistic experiments, two memory experiments, and a decision-making experiment. These studies also varied in the type of eye-tracking display, including screens split into halves (Exps. 3 and 5) or quadrants (Exps. 2 and 4), or composed scenes with regions of interest that varied in size (Exp. 1). Outcomes were mixed. The least successful replication attempt was Exp. 1; we did not obtain a condition effect in our remote sample (1a), nor in an in-lab follow-up (1b). However, the other four experiments were more successful, replicating a blank-screen effect (Exp. 2), a novelty preference (Exp. 3), a verb bias effect (Exp. 4), and a gaze-bias effect in decision-making (Exp. 5). These results suggest that webcam-based eye-tracking can be used to detect a variety of cognitive phenomena, including those with sensitive time, although paradigms that require high spatial resolution (like Exp. 1) should be adapted to coarser quadrant or split-half displays
Tuning the Senses:How the Pupil Shapes Vision at the Earliest Stage
Full text linkThe pupil responds reflexively to changes in brightness and focal distance to maintain the smallest pupil (and thus the highest visual acuity) that still allows sufficient light to reach the retina. The pupil also responds to a wide variety of cognitive processes, but the functions of these cognitive responses are still poorly understood. In this review, I propose that cognitive pupil responses, like their reflexive counterparts, serve to optimize vision. Specifically, an emphasis on central vision over peripheral vision results in pupil constriction, and this likely reflects the fact that central vision benefits most from the increased visual acuity provided by small pupils. Furthermore, an intention to act with a bright stimulus results in preparatory pupil constriction, which allows the pupil to respond quickly when that bright stimulus is subsequently brought into view. More generally, cognitively driven pupil responses are likely a form of sensory tuning: a subtle adjustment of the eyes to optimize their properties for the current situation and the immediate future.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Workshop about OpenSesame, Python, and JATOS
No full textTo foster the use of open-source software, ZPID invited Sebastiaan Mathôt to give a workshop on creating and analyzing experiments with his software OpenSesame and Python. One focus is on the conduction of webbased experiments.
In this four-day workshop, you will learn all of the techniques that you need for running experiments online and offline, using open-source software. Specifically, you will learn: How to build experiments with OpenSesame; How to manage online experiments with JATOS; How to analyze data with Python.Software can be downloaded here: https://osdoc.cogsci.nl/slides_session_1_Mathot.ipynb: Introduction to Python; slides_session_2_Mathot.ipynb: Introduction to numerical Python; slides_session_3_Mathot.pdf: Introduction to OpenSesame; slides_session_4_Mathot.ipynb: Advanced numerical Python; slides_session_5_Mathot.pdf: Using Python in OpenSesame; slides_session_6_Mathot.pdf: Building online experiments with OSWeb; slides_session_7_Mathot.pdf: Building your own online experiment; slides_session_8_Filevich.pdf: Managing online experiments with JATOS; slides_session_10_Mathot.pdf: Downloading, converting and opening your own data
slides_session_11_Mathot.pdf: Analyzing your own data in Python; search_task.osexp: Exemplary OpenSesame experiment; gaze_cuing.osexp: Exemplary OpenSesame experiment; Lexicaldecision.osexp: Exemplary OpenSesame experiment; online_search_task.osexp: Exemplary OpenSesame experiment; wcst-complete.osexp: Exemplary OpenSesame experiment; Program Overview OpenSesame Worksho
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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